Theory of planned behaviour analysis on entrepreneurial creativity
Abstract
The importance of entrepreneurial education in Indonesian higher education has been argued. In this study, we examined how entrepreneurial creativity, a crucial aspect of entrepreneurship education, contributes significantly to the emergence of entrepreneurial qualities. The theory of planned behaviour serves as the theoretical underpinning for the questionnaire we developed for this quantitative investigation. For this study, we polled 400 college students from numerous private colleges in Indonesia. We ran a route analysis on the data using SmartPLS version 3 as our analysis tool. Our findings demonstrate that when theory of planned behaviour variables have an impact on creativity, which means that subjective norm, attitude toward entrepreneurship, and perceived behavioural control should be focused on because these factors eventually have crucial impact on entrepreneurial creativity.
Keyword : business administration, creativity, entrepreneurial creativity, entrepreneurship, higher education
How to Cite
Pradana, M., Kartawinata, B. R., Syarifuddin, S., Wijaksana, T. I., Utami, F. N., & Putra, A. (2024). Theory of planned behaviour analysis on entrepreneurial creativity. Creativity Studies, 17(2), 621–632. https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2024.16665
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Ajzen, I. (2020). The theory of planned behavior: Frequently asked questions. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2, 314–324. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.195
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (2000). Attitudes and the attitude-behavior relation: Reasoned and automatic processes. European Review of Social Psychology, 11(1), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/14792779943000116
Akpan, Ch., & Etor, C. (2013). University lecturers’ perception of entrepreneurship education as an empowerment strategy for graduate self-employment in South Nigeria. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 3(5), 1180–1195.
Ali, A., Topping, K. J., & Tariq, R. H. (2010). Entrepreneurial attributes among postgraduate students of a Pakistani University. US–China Education Review, 7(5), 66–77.
Ando Fanaja, R., Eka Saputri, M., & Pradana, M. (2023). Knowledge as a mediator for innovativeness and risk-taking tolerance of female entrepreneurs in Indonesia. Cogent Social Sciences, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2185989
Augustrianto, A., Silvianita, A., & Ferari, E. (2019). Hofstede’s organization culture on deviant workplace behavior (case study on workers at Plaza Toyota Bandung). Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, 11(S3), 720–725.
Awang, A., Amran, Sh., Nor, Md. M. N., Ilyani Ibrahim, I. I., & Mohd Razali, M. F. (2016). Individual entrepreneurial orientation impact on entrepreneurial intention: Intervening effect of PBC and subjective norm. Journal of Entrepreneurship, Business and Economics, 4(2), 94–129.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. Worth Publishers.
Carmeli, A., McKay, A. S., & Kaufman, J. C. (2014). Emotional intelligence and creativity: The mediating role of generosity and vigor. Journal of Creative Behavior, 48(4), 290–309. https://doi.org/10.1002/jocb.53
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2013). Creativity: The psychology of discovery and invention. Harper Perennial Modern Classics.
Dewi, C. K., Mohaidin, Z., & Ali Murshid, M. (2020). Determinants of online purchase intention. A PLS-SEM approach: Evidence from Indonesi. Journal of Asia Business Studies, 14(3), 281–306. https://doi.org/10.1108/JABS-03-2019-0086
Ekpe, I., & Mat, N. (2012). The moderating effect of social environment on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurial intentions of female students at Nigerian Universities. International Journal of Management Sciences and Business Research, 1(4). https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2701158
Ellya Kurniawan, J., Lukito Setiawan, J., Sanjaya, E. L., Putri Intan Wardhani, F., Virlia, S., Dewi, K., & Kasim, A. (2019). Developing a measurement instrument for high school students’ entrepreneurial orientation. Cogent Education, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2018.1564423
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Gerba, D. T. (2012). Impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intentions of business and engineering students in Ethiopia. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 3(2), 258–277. https://doi.org/10.1108/20400701211265036
Hasbi, I., Pradana, M., & Gita Utami, D. (2022). Entrepreneurial education as antecedent of Indonesian private university students’ entrepreneurial intention. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 28(3), 72–82.
Hendrayati, H., Suryadi, E., Mulyani, H., Furqon, Ch., & Sultan, Mokh. A. (2022). Coe TVET model development in economics and creative business in vocational school. Quality – Access to Success, 23(189), 33–40. https://doi.org/10.47750/QAS/23.189.05
Henseler, J., Ringle, Ch. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). Testing measurement invariance of composites using partial least squares. International Marketing Review, 33(3), 405–431. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMR-09-2014-0304
Hjorth, D., & Steyaert, Ch. (Eds.). (2004). Narrative and discursive approaches in entrepreneurship: A second movements in entrepreneurship book. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781845421472
Hu, R., Wang, L., Zhang, W., & Bin, P. (2018). Creativity, proactive personality, and entrepreneurial intention: The role of entrepreneurial alertness. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00951
Ikpesu, O. Ch. (2016). University-industry linkages as determinant of students’ entrepreneurial orientation in rivers state public universities. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 3(13), 109–118. https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.313.2437
Kadir, M. B. A., Salim, M., & Kamarudin, H. (2012). The relationship between educational support and entrepreneurial intensions in Malaysian higher learning institution. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 69, 2164–2173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.12.182
Kassean, H., Vanevenhoven, J., Liguori, E., & Winkel, D. E. (2015). Entrepreneurship education: A need for reflection, real-world experience and action. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, 21(5), 690–708. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-07-2014-0123
Kirchhoff, B. A., & Greene, P. G. (1998). Understanding the theoretical and empirical content of critiques of U.S. job creation research. Small Business Economics, 10, 153–169. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007901132681
Kolvereid, L. (2016). Preference for self-employment: Prediction of new business start-up intentions and efforts. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 17(2), 100–109. https://doi.org/10.1177/1465750316648576
Kropp, F., Lindsay, N. J., & Shoham, A. (2008). Entrepreneurial orientation and international entrepreneurial business venture startup. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, 14(2), 102–117. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552550810863080
Lackéus, M., Lundqvist, M., & Williams Middleton, K. (2016). Bridging the traditional–progressive education rift through entrepreneurship. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, 22(6), 777–803. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-03-2016-0072
Lackéus, M., & Williams Middleton, K. (2015). Venture creation programs: Bridging entrepreneurship education and technology transfer. Education + Training, 57(1), 48–73. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-02-2013-0013
Ladd, T., Hind, P., & Lawrence, J. (2019). Entrepreneurial orientation, Waynesian self-efficacy for searching and marshaling, and intention across gender and region of origin. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 31(5), 391–411. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2018.1459016
Langkamp Bolton, D., & Lane, M. D. (2012). Individual entrepreneurial orientation: Development of a measurement instrument. Education + Training, 54(2–3), 219–233. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400911211210314
Lerch, Ch., Thi Thanh Thai, M., Puhakka, V., & Burger-Helmchen, Th. (2015). Re-examining creativity in entrepreneurship. Journal of Innovation Economics and Management, 18(3), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.3917/jie.018.0003
Liñán, F., & Chen, Y.-W. (2009). Development and cross-cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593–617. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00318.x
Luthans, F. (2008). Perilaku Organisasi. Andi.
Luthans, F., Avey, J. B., Avolio, B. J., & Peterson, S. J. (2010). The development and resulting performance impact of positive psychological capital. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 21(1), 41–67. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.20034
Maulana, H. D. J., Sos, S., & Kes, M. (2009). Promosi kesehatan. EGC.
Miranda, F. J., Chamorro-Mera, A., & Rubio, S. (2017). Academic entrepreneurship in Spanish universities: An analysis of the determinants of entrepreneurial intention. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 23(2), 113–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2017.01.001
Morris, M. H., & Liguori, E. (Eds.). (2016). Annals of entrepreneurship education. Annals of entrepreneurship education and pedagogy – 2016. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781784719166
Neck, H. M., & Corbett, A. C. (2018). The scholarship of teaching and learning entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy, 1(1), 8–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515127417737286
Nikita, N. (2015). The impact of attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, trust, perceived benefit and perceived risk toward KlikBCA usage intention in Surabaya. iBuss Management, 3(2), 295–303.
Pradana, M., & Kartawinata, B. R. (2020). Indonesian private university students’ entrepreneurial intention. Asia–Pacific Management and Business Application, 9(2), 111–122. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.apmba.2020.009.02.3
Pradana, M., Wardhana, A., Wijayangka, C., Kartawinata, B. R., & Wahyuddin, S. (2020). Indonesian university students’ entrepreneurial intention: A conceptual study. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(7), 571–573.
Riache, H., & Pradana, M. (2023). Continuance intention of social networking services in Indonesia. WSEAS Transactions on Environment and Development, 19, 489–493. https://doi.org/10.37394/232015.2023.19.47
Robinson, Sh., & Stubberud, H. A. (2014). Elements of entrepreneurial orientation and their relationship to entrepreneurial intent. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 17(2), 1–11.
Sarasvathy, S. D. (2001). Causation and effectuation: Toward a theoretical shift from economic inevitability to entrepreneurial contingency. The Academy of Management Review, 26(2), 243–263. https://doi.org/10.2307/259121
Shafa Nabila, F., Fakhri, M., Pradana, M., Kartawinata, B. R., & Silvianita, A. (2023). Measuring financial satisfaction of Indonesian young adults: A SEM-PLS analysis. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-023-00281-4
Silvianita, A., & Tan, Ch.-L. (2017). A model linking the knowledge management (KM) enabler, KM capability and operational performance in Indonesian automobile industry. Advanced Science Letters, 23(1), 640–642. https://doi.org/10.1166/asl.2017.7281
Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. I. (1995). Defying the crowd: Cultivating creativity in a culture of conformity. Free Press.
Taatila, V., & Down, S. (2012). Measuring entrepreneurial orientation of university students. Education + Training, 54(8–9), 744–760. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400911211274864
Winarno, A., & Hermana, D. (2019). Commitment, work engagement, and research performance of lecturers in Indonesia private universities. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Management, 7(4), 45–63. https://doi.org/10.22452/mojem.vol7no4.3
Xiu’e, Zh., & Kun, Zh. (2018). The relationship between creativity and entrepreneurial intention: A moderated mediating effect model. Foreign Economics and Management, 40(3), 67–78.
Yar Hamidi, D., Wennberg, K., & Berglund, H. (2008). Creativity in entrepreneurship education. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 15(2), 304–320. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626000810871691
Yurtkoru, E. S., Acar, P., & Teraman, B. S. (2014). Willingness to take risk and entrepreneurial intention of university students: An empirical study comparing private and state universities. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 150, 834–840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.092
Zaelani Adnan, A., Rahayu, A., Hendrayati, H., & Yusuf, R. (2021). The role of electronic customer relationship management (E-CRM) in improving service quality. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1764. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1764/1/012051
Zaman, U., Florez-Perez, L., Farías, P., Abbasi, S., Ghani Khwaja, M., & Wijaksana, T. I. (2021). Shadow of your former self: Exploring project leaders’ post-failure behaviors (resilience, self-esteem and self-efficacy) in high-tech startup projects. Sustainability, 13(22). https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212868
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Aditya Wedayanti, N. P. A., & Ketut Giantari, I. G. A. (2016). Peran pendidikan kewirausahaan dalam memediasi pengaruh norma subyektif terhadap niat berwirausaha. E-Jurnal Manajemen Unud, 5(1), 533–560.
Ajzen, I. (2001). Nature and operation of attitudes. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 27–58. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.27
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Ajzen, I. (2020). The theory of planned behavior: Frequently asked questions. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2, 314–324. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.195
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (2000). Attitudes and the attitude-behavior relation: Reasoned and automatic processes. European Review of Social Psychology, 11(1), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/14792779943000116
Akpan, Ch., & Etor, C. (2013). University lecturers’ perception of entrepreneurship education as an empowerment strategy for graduate self-employment in South Nigeria. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 3(5), 1180–1195.
Ali, A., Topping, K. J., & Tariq, R. H. (2010). Entrepreneurial attributes among postgraduate students of a Pakistani University. US–China Education Review, 7(5), 66–77.
Ando Fanaja, R., Eka Saputri, M., & Pradana, M. (2023). Knowledge as a mediator for innovativeness and risk-taking tolerance of female entrepreneurs in Indonesia. Cogent Social Sciences, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2185989
Augustrianto, A., Silvianita, A., & Ferari, E. (2019). Hofstede’s organization culture on deviant workplace behavior (case study on workers at Plaza Toyota Bandung). Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, 11(S3), 720–725.
Awang, A., Amran, Sh., Nor, Md. M. N., Ilyani Ibrahim, I. I., & Mohd Razali, M. F. (2016). Individual entrepreneurial orientation impact on entrepreneurial intention: Intervening effect of PBC and subjective norm. Journal of Entrepreneurship, Business and Economics, 4(2), 94–129.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. Worth Publishers.
Carmeli, A., McKay, A. S., & Kaufman, J. C. (2014). Emotional intelligence and creativity: The mediating role of generosity and vigor. Journal of Creative Behavior, 48(4), 290–309. https://doi.org/10.1002/jocb.53
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2013). Creativity: The psychology of discovery and invention. Harper Perennial Modern Classics.
Dewi, C. K., Mohaidin, Z., & Ali Murshid, M. (2020). Determinants of online purchase intention. A PLS-SEM approach: Evidence from Indonesi. Journal of Asia Business Studies, 14(3), 281–306. https://doi.org/10.1108/JABS-03-2019-0086
Ekpe, I., & Mat, N. (2012). The moderating effect of social environment on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and entrepreneurial intentions of female students at Nigerian Universities. International Journal of Management Sciences and Business Research, 1(4). https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2701158
Ellya Kurniawan, J., Lukito Setiawan, J., Sanjaya, E. L., Putri Intan Wardhani, F., Virlia, S., Dewi, K., & Kasim, A. (2019). Developing a measurement instrument for high school students’ entrepreneurial orientation. Cogent Education, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2018.1564423
Fakhri, M., Pradana, M., Syarifuddin, S., & Suhendra, Y. (2020). Leadership style and its impact on employee performance at Indonesian national electricity company. The Open Psychology Journal, 13, 321–325. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874350102013010321
Gerba, D. T. (2012). Impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intentions of business and engineering students in Ethiopia. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 3(2), 258–277. https://doi.org/10.1108/20400701211265036
Hasbi, I., Pradana, M., & Gita Utami, D. (2022). Entrepreneurial education as antecedent of Indonesian private university students’ entrepreneurial intention. Educational Administration: Theory and Practice, 28(3), 72–82.
Hendrayati, H., Suryadi, E., Mulyani, H., Furqon, Ch., & Sultan, Mokh. A. (2022). Coe TVET model development in economics and creative business in vocational school. Quality – Access to Success, 23(189), 33–40. https://doi.org/10.47750/QAS/23.189.05
Henseler, J., Ringle, Ch. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). Testing measurement invariance of composites using partial least squares. International Marketing Review, 33(3), 405–431. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMR-09-2014-0304
Hjorth, D., & Steyaert, Ch. (Eds.). (2004). Narrative and discursive approaches in entrepreneurship: A second movements in entrepreneurship book. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781845421472
Hu, R., Wang, L., Zhang, W., & Bin, P. (2018). Creativity, proactive personality, and entrepreneurial intention: The role of entrepreneurial alertness. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00951
Ikpesu, O. Ch. (2016). University-industry linkages as determinant of students’ entrepreneurial orientation in rivers state public universities. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal, 3(13), 109–118. https://doi.org/10.14738/assrj.313.2437
Kadir, M. B. A., Salim, M., & Kamarudin, H. (2012). The relationship between educational support and entrepreneurial intensions in Malaysian higher learning institution. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 69, 2164–2173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.12.182
Kassean, H., Vanevenhoven, J., Liguori, E., & Winkel, D. E. (2015). Entrepreneurship education: A need for reflection, real-world experience and action. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, 21(5), 690–708. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-07-2014-0123
Kirchhoff, B. A., & Greene, P. G. (1998). Understanding the theoretical and empirical content of critiques of U.S. job creation research. Small Business Economics, 10, 153–169. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007901132681
Kolvereid, L. (2016). Preference for self-employment: Prediction of new business start-up intentions and efforts. The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 17(2), 100–109. https://doi.org/10.1177/1465750316648576
Kropp, F., Lindsay, N. J., & Shoham, A. (2008). Entrepreneurial orientation and international entrepreneurial business venture startup. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, 14(2), 102–117. https://doi.org/10.1108/13552550810863080
Lackéus, M., Lundqvist, M., & Williams Middleton, K. (2016). Bridging the traditional–progressive education rift through entrepreneurship. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research, 22(6), 777–803. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJEBR-03-2016-0072
Lackéus, M., & Williams Middleton, K. (2015). Venture creation programs: Bridging entrepreneurship education and technology transfer. Education + Training, 57(1), 48–73. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-02-2013-0013
Ladd, T., Hind, P., & Lawrence, J. (2019). Entrepreneurial orientation, Waynesian self-efficacy for searching and marshaling, and intention across gender and region of origin. Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 31(5), 391–411. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2018.1459016
Langkamp Bolton, D., & Lane, M. D. (2012). Individual entrepreneurial orientation: Development of a measurement instrument. Education + Training, 54(2–3), 219–233. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400911211210314
Lerch, Ch., Thi Thanh Thai, M., Puhakka, V., & Burger-Helmchen, Th. (2015). Re-examining creativity in entrepreneurship. Journal of Innovation Economics and Management, 18(3), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.3917/jie.018.0003
Liñán, F., & Chen, Y.-W. (2009). Development and cross-cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593–617. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00318.x
Luthans, F. (2008). Perilaku Organisasi. Andi.
Luthans, F., Avey, J. B., Avolio, B. J., & Peterson, S. J. (2010). The development and resulting performance impact of positive psychological capital. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 21(1), 41–67. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.20034
Maulana, H. D. J., Sos, S., & Kes, M. (2009). Promosi kesehatan. EGC.
Miranda, F. J., Chamorro-Mera, A., & Rubio, S. (2017). Academic entrepreneurship in Spanish universities: An analysis of the determinants of entrepreneurial intention. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 23(2), 113–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2017.01.001
Morris, M. H., & Liguori, E. (Eds.). (2016). Annals of entrepreneurship education. Annals of entrepreneurship education and pedagogy – 2016. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781784719166
Neck, H. M., & Corbett, A. C. (2018). The scholarship of teaching and learning entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Education and Pedagogy, 1(1), 8–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515127417737286
Nikita, N. (2015). The impact of attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, trust, perceived benefit and perceived risk toward KlikBCA usage intention in Surabaya. iBuss Management, 3(2), 295–303.
Pradana, M., & Kartawinata, B. R. (2020). Indonesian private university students’ entrepreneurial intention. Asia–Pacific Management and Business Application, 9(2), 111–122. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.apmba.2020.009.02.3
Pradana, M., Wardhana, A., Wijayangka, C., Kartawinata, B. R., & Wahyuddin, S. (2020). Indonesian university students’ entrepreneurial intention: A conceptual study. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(7), 571–573.
Riache, H., & Pradana, M. (2023). Continuance intention of social networking services in Indonesia. WSEAS Transactions on Environment and Development, 19, 489–493. https://doi.org/10.37394/232015.2023.19.47
Robinson, Sh., & Stubberud, H. A. (2014). Elements of entrepreneurial orientation and their relationship to entrepreneurial intent. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 17(2), 1–11.
Sarasvathy, S. D. (2001). Causation and effectuation: Toward a theoretical shift from economic inevitability to entrepreneurial contingency. The Academy of Management Review, 26(2), 243–263. https://doi.org/10.2307/259121
Shafa Nabila, F., Fakhri, M., Pradana, M., Kartawinata, B. R., & Silvianita, A. (2023). Measuring financial satisfaction of Indonesian young adults: A SEM-PLS analysis. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13731-023-00281-4
Silvianita, A., & Tan, Ch.-L. (2017). A model linking the knowledge management (KM) enabler, KM capability and operational performance in Indonesian automobile industry. Advanced Science Letters, 23(1), 640–642. https://doi.org/10.1166/asl.2017.7281
Sternberg, R. J., & Lubart, T. I. (1995). Defying the crowd: Cultivating creativity in a culture of conformity. Free Press.
Taatila, V., & Down, S. (2012). Measuring entrepreneurial orientation of university students. Education + Training, 54(8–9), 744–760. https://doi.org/10.1108/00400911211274864
Winarno, A., & Hermana, D. (2019). Commitment, work engagement, and research performance of lecturers in Indonesia private universities. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Management, 7(4), 45–63. https://doi.org/10.22452/mojem.vol7no4.3
Xiu’e, Zh., & Kun, Zh. (2018). The relationship between creativity and entrepreneurial intention: A moderated mediating effect model. Foreign Economics and Management, 40(3), 67–78.
Yar Hamidi, D., Wennberg, K., & Berglund, H. (2008). Creativity in entrepreneurship education. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 15(2), 304–320. https://doi.org/10.1108/14626000810871691
Yurtkoru, E. S., Acar, P., & Teraman, B. S. (2014). Willingness to take risk and entrepreneurial intention of university students: An empirical study comparing private and state universities. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 150, 834–840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.092
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