Vulnerability zoning of urban areas against earthquake (case study: Urmia city)
Abstract
The danger of earthquake always overshadows human societies and causes irreparable damage to these societies; therefore, preparedness to deal with this crisis by identifying vulnerability points and removing them is effective in reducing the damages caused by earthquake. Due to the location of Iran on one of the two world’s earthquake belts and the existence of many faults, the occurrence of earthquakes on the plateau of Iran is a natural phenomenon. Iran is one of the ten earthquake-prone countries in the world. Consequently, the city of Urmia is no exception to this rule due to its location in the hillsides of the Zagros Mountains and witnesses a large number of earthquakes with different intensities every year. Therefore, to deal with the above problem, we need more detailed studies in the fields of construction and safety. In this study, in order to evaluate the severity of earthquake vulnerability, effective parameters were identified and weighted using fuzzy hierarchical analysis process. Vulnerability maps were prepared by index overlap method and fuzzy logic, for statistical blocks of Urmia city and were presented visually in spatial information system. The results showed that about 50% of the city is vulnerable to earthquakes; to be more precise, about 151574 square meters, i.e. 0.005% has a very high degree of vulnerability and 11538359 square meters, with a percentage of 0.40%, has a high degree of vulnerability to earthquakes.
Keyword : zoning, risk assessment, earthquake, fuzzy logic, Urmia city
How to Cite
Farahmand, G., Samet, K., Golmohammadi, H., & Patel, N. (2022). Vulnerability zoning of urban areas against earthquake (case study: Urmia city). Geodesy and Cartography, 48(3), 160–169. https://doi.org/10.3846/gac.2022.14788
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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United Nations. (1991). Mitigating natural disasters. Phenomena effect and options.
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Wihtol de Wenden, C. (2006). Urban riots in France. SAIS Review of International Affairs, 26(2), 47–53. https://doi.org/10.1353/sais.2006.0032
Zangiabadi, A., & Tabrizi, N. (2009). Tehran earthquake and spatial assessment of vulnerability in urban areas. Iranian Journal of Geographical Research, (55), 115–130.
Ziari, K. (2006). Principles and methods of regional planning (1 ed.). Yazd University Press.
Allen, P., & Bryant, M. (2011). Resilience as a framework for urbanism and recovery. Journal on Landscape Architecture, 6(2), 34–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/18626033.2011.9723453
Amini Varki, S., Modiri, M., Shamsaii, F., & Ghanbari Nasab, A. (2014). Developing and presenting a model for assessing threats, vulnerabilities and risk analysis of critical infrastructures with emphasis on passive defense. Iranian Journal of Crisis Management, 4, 69–85.
Ainuddin, S., & Routray, J. K. (2012). Community resilience framework for an earthquake prone area in Baluchistan. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 2, 25–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2012.07.003
Ataiee, M. (2010). Fuzzy multi-criteria decision making (2 ed.). Shahroud University of Technology Press.
Bayat, B. (2008). Sociological explanation of the feeling of security of Tehran citizens [PhD Thesis]. Faculty of Sociology, University of Isfahan, Iran.
Burton, I., Kates, R., & White, G. F. (1999). The environment as hazard. Oxford University Press.
Cutter, S., Boruff, B., & Shirley, W. (2003). Social vulnerability to environment hazards. Social Science Quarterly, 84(2), 242–261. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6237.8402002
Darban Astaneh, A., Sheikhzadeh, M., & Bazigar, S. (2018). Strategies to reduce the vulnerability of residential fabric to earthquake risk Case Study: District 6 of Tehran. Iranian Journal of Geography and Urban Planning, 6(2), 288–265.
Design and Planning Consulting Engineers. (2013). Master plan of Urmia city.
Faraji Sabkbar, H. A., Ghaderi, B., & Rezaei Narimisa, M. (2016). Factors affecting vulnerability in district 6 of Tehran and vulnerability zoning in the face of natural crises. Urban Management Studies, 8(28), 1–11.
Ghafouri Zarandi, A., Qamian, G. H., & Amini Hosseini, K. (2009). Earthquake; sustainable rural development and risk management. In The First National Conference on Sustainable Rural Development (pp. 1–3). Razi University, Kermanshah.
Gibson, G. (1997). An introduction to seismology, disaster prevention and management. MCB University Press, Emerald Group limited.
Haki, G. Z. (2003). Assessment of social vulnerability using geographic information systems: Pendik, Istanbul case study [Msc Thesis]. Middle East Technical University, Turkey.
Habibi, K., Sarkargar Ardakani, A., Yousefi, Z., & Safdarnejad, M. (2012). Implementation of fuzzy hierarchical algorithms to determine the multi-factor vulnerability of the core of cities Case study; Region 6 of Tehran. Iranian Journal of Crisis Management, (2), 67–76.
Habibi, K., Behzadfar, M., Meshkini, A., & Nazari, S. (2013). Preparation of a model for the stability of ancient urban textures against earthquakes with inverted hierarchical logic and GIS. Iranian Journal of Earth Sciences, 22(87), 83–92.
Hashemi, M., Al-Sheikh, A. A., & Malek, M. R. (2010). GIS earthquake vulnerability zoning: A case study: Tehran. Environmental Science and Technology, 16(93).
Isalou, S., Latifi, G., & Goodarzy, V. (2016). Assesment of physical vulnerability of the texture in District One of Tehran against earthquakes using IHWP method and GIS system. Sepehr Geographical Information Quarterly, 25(100), 73–87.
Kamelifar, M. J. (2012). Assessing the vulnerability of the urban road network to earthquakes with a crisis management approach case study; Region 1 of Tabriz [Master Thesis]. Faculty of Humanities, Zanjan University, Iran.
Karami, M. R., & Amirian, S. (2018). Zoning of urban vulnerability due to earthquake using Fuzzy-AHP model case study: Tabriz. Iranian Journal of Physical Development Planning, 3(6), 110–124.
Khakpour, B. A., Zomorrodian, M., Sadeghi, S., & Moghaddami, A. (2011). The analysis of physical–structural vulnerability of the Ninth District of Mashhad from a seismological perspective. Journal of Geography and Regional Development, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.22067/geography.v9i16.11025
Lantada, N., Pujades, L., & Barbat, A. (2009). Vulnerability index and capacity spectrum based methods for urban seismic risk evaluation. A comparison. Natural Hazards, 51, 501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-007-9212-4
Mokhtari, L., Shekari Badi, A., Beshkani Z., (2018). Evaluation of the vulnerability of urban areas of Kashan against earthquake risk using IHPW model. Iranian Journal of Natural Environment Hazards, 7(16), 105–126.
Mahdavi, D., & Hezarian, E. (2017). Assessment and analysis of anatomical vulnerability of rural settlements to earthquakes case study: Yazd villages. Iranian Journal of Physical Development Planning, 2(4), 27–45.
Maleki, S., Amanpour, S., Safaei Pourf, M., Pour Mousavi, S. N., & Movadat, E. (2017). Evaluation of the physical resilience spectrum of cities against earthquakes using case planning models: Ilam city. Iranian Journal of Physical Development Planning, 2(1).
Moe, T. L., & Pathranakul, P. (2006). An integrated approach to natural disaster prevention and management: Public project management and its critical success factors. Disaster Prevention and Management, 15(3), 396–411. https://doi.org/10.1108/09653560610669882
Mohammadi Deh Cheshmeh, M. (2013). Passive urban safety and defense. Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz Publications.
Momeni, M. (2013). New Topics in Operations Research, University of Tehran Press, First Edition.
Musavand, J. (2011). Determining the optimal use in order to reduce the natural risk of earthquakes Case study: Region 1 of Tehran [Master Thesis]. University of Geographical Sciences, Kharazmi University of Tehran.
Nagae, T., Fujihara, T., & Asakura, Y. (2012). Anti-seismic reinforcement strategy for an urban road network. Transportation Research Part A, (46), 813–827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2012.02.005
Normandin, J. M., Therrien, M. C., & Tanguay, G. A. (2011). City strength in times of turbulence: strategic resilience indicators. In Urban Affairs Association 41st Conference, New Orleans. P2.
Paton, D., & Johnston, D. (2001). Disaster and communities: Vulnerability, resilience and preparedness. Disaster Prevention and Management, 10(4), 270–277. https://doi.org/10.1108/EUM0000000005930
Poorahmad, A., Ziari, K., & Sadeghi, A., (2018). Spatial analysis of the components of physical resilience of worn-out urban tissues against earthquakes case study: District 10 of Tehran municipality. Iranian Journal of Spatial Planning (Geography), 1, 111–130.
Reynal-Querol, M., & Montalvo, J. G. (2005). Ethnic polarization, potential conflict, and civil wars. American Economic Review, 95(3), 796–816. https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828054201468
Shamsipoor, A. A., & Sheikhi, M. (2010). Zoning of sensitive logic and environmental vulnerability in west fars region, using fuzzy classification method and hierarchical analysis process. Iranian Journal of Natural Geography Research, (73), 53–68.
Smith, K. (2003). Environmental hazards book (E. Moghimi & S. Goodarzi, Trans.). Samat Publications. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203595015
United Nations. (1991). Mitigating natural disasters. Phenomena effect and options.
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. (2004). Living with risk: A global review of disaster reduction initiatives. United Nations international strategy for disaster reduction.
Wihtol de Wenden, C. (2006). Urban riots in France. SAIS Review of International Affairs, 26(2), 47–53. https://doi.org/10.1353/sais.2006.0032
Zangiabadi, A., & Tabrizi, N. (2009). Tehran earthquake and spatial assessment of vulnerability in urban areas. Iranian Journal of Geographical Research, (55), 115–130.
Ziari, K. (2006). Principles and methods of regional planning (1 ed.). Yazd University Press.