The role of ICT in smart specialization of EU regions
Abstract
The aim of the paper is to answer the overriding question what is the role of ICT in implementation of smart specialization (SS) in EU regions (NUTS2 level)? This role can be dual and ICT is considered in this study both as an invention which has led to the emergence of new sector, and from the perspective of general purpose technology (GPT) properties where ICT plays the role of input in innovation process. There are used following methods and techniques: desk research, descriptive statistical analysis, the correlation measure and Hellwig’s method of taxonomic analysis. The main findings indicate that in practice SS in ICT is not focused on development ICT as invention and is not based on readiness to usage of ICT as GPT. However, the abilities of regions to take advantage of ICT as a driver of innovation (as GPT) are materially related to specialization in the ICT sector (development ICT as invention). The findings bring some improvements by evidence-based policy making. The research contribute to the better understanding of the innovation determinants during digital transformation and especially the base of specialization in ICT as GPT under SS assumptions.
Keyword : ICT, smart specialization, general purpose technologies, EU regions, sectoral specialization, innovation, taxonomic analysis
How to Cite
Dziembała, M., & Talar, S. (2021). The role of ICT in smart specialization of EU regions. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 22(6), 1512-1530. https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2021.15324
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Arvanitis, S. (2005). Computerization, workplace organization, skilled labour and firm productivity: Evidence for the Swiss business sector. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 14(4), 225–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/1043859042000226257
Balcerzak, A. P. (2016). Multiple-criteria evaluation of quality of human capital in the European Union countries. Economics and Sociology, 9(2), 11–26. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789X.2016/9-2/1
Balicki, A. (2009). Statystyczna analiza wielowymiarowa i jej zastosowania społeczno-ekonomiczne [Statistical multivariate analysis and its socio-economic applications]. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego. https://www.ibuk.pl/fiszka/134695/statystyczna-analiza-wielowymiarowa-i-jej-zastosowania-spolecznoekonomiczne.html
Balland, P. A., Boschma, R., Crespo, J., & Rigby, D. L. (2019). Smart specialization policy in the European Union: Relatedness, knowledge complexity and regional diversification. Regional Studies, 53(9), 1252–1268. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2018.1437900
Barzotto, M., Corradini, C., Fai, F., Labory, S., & Tomlinson, P. R. (2020). Smart specialisation, Industry 4.0 and lagging regions: Some directions for policy. Regional Studies, Regional Science, 7(1), 318–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/21681376.2020.1803124
Basile, R., Capello, R., & Caragliu, A. (2012). Technological interdependence and regional growth in Europe: Proximity and synergy in knowledge spillovers. Papers in Regional Science, 91(4), 697–722. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5957.2012.00438.x
Basu, S., & Fernald, J. G. (2007). Information and communications technology as a general-purpose technology: Evidence from U.S. industry data. German Economic Review, 8(2), 146–173. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2007.00402.x
Benner, M. (2020). Six additional questions about smart specialization: Implications for regional innovation policy 4.0. European Planning Studies, 28(8), 1667–1684. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2020.1764506
Bernhard, I., Gråsjö, U., & Karlsson, C. (Eds.) (2020). Diversity, innovation and clusters. Spatial perspectives. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781789902587
Boschma, R. (2005). Proximity and innovation. A critical survey. Regional Studies, 39(1), 61–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/0034340052000320887
Boschma, R. (2009). Evolutionary economic geography and its implications for regional innovation policy (Papers in Evolutionary Economic Geography (PEEG) 0912). Utrecht University, Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Group Economic Geography. https://ideas.repec.org/p/egu/wpaper/0912.html
Braunerhjelm, P., Acs, Z., Audretsch, D., & Carlsson, B. (2010). The missing link: Knowledge diffusion and entrepreneurship in endogenous growth. Small Business Economics, 34(2), 105–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-009-9235-1
Bresnahan, T. (2002). Prospects for an information-technology-led productivity surge. Innovation Policy & the Economy, 2, 135–161. https://doi.org/10.1086/653756
Bresnahan, T. (2010). General purpose technologies. In B. Hall, & N. Rosenberg (Eds.), Handbook of the economics of innovation (Vol. 2, pp. 761–791). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7218(10)02002-2
Bresnahan, T. F., & Trajtenberg, M. (1995). General purpose technologies “Engine of growth”? Journal of Econometrics, 65(1), 83–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01598-T
Capello, R., & Kroll, H. (2016). From theory to practice in smart specialization strategy: Emerging limits and possible future trajectories. European Planning Studies, 24(8), 1393–1406. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2016.1156058
Braczyk, H. J., Cooke, P., & Heidenreich, M. (Eds.). (2004). Regional innovation systems: The role of governance in a globalised world (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/Regional-Innovation-Systems-The-Role-of-Governances-in-a-Globalized-World/Braczyk-Cooke-Heidenreich/p/book/9780415303699
Corò, G., & Volpe, M. (2020). Driving factors in the adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies: An investigation of SMEs. In L. De Propris & D. Bailey (Eds), Industry 4.0 and regional transformations (1st ed., pp. 112–132). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429057984-7
Corradini, C., Santini, E., & Vecciolini, C. (2021). The geography of Industry 4.0 technologies across European regions. Regional Studies, Ahead-of-Print, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2021.1884216
Cortinovis, N., & Oort, F. (2015). Variety, economic growth and knowledge intensity of European regions: A spatial panel analysis. The Annals of Regional Science, 55(1), 7–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-015-0680-2
Crespo, J., Balland, P. A., Rigby, D., & Boschma, R. (2017). Regional diversification opportunities and smart specialization strategies. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. https://www3.gobiernodecanarias.org/aciisi/ris3/documentos/especializacion-inteligente/33-regional-diversification-opportunities-and-smart-specialization-strategies/file
De Castro, E. A., & Jensen-Butler, Ch. (2003). Demand for information and communication technology based services and regional economic development. Papers in Regional Science, 82(1), 27–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5597.2003.tb00002.x
Edler, J. (2016). The impact of policy measures to stimulate private demand for innovation. In J. Edler, P. Cunningham, A. Gök, & P. Shapira (Eds.), Handbook of innovation policy impact (pp. 318–354). Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781784711856.00017
Edquist H., & Henrekson, M. (2006). Technological breakthroughs and productivity growth. In A. J. Field, G. Clark, & W. A. Sundstrom (Eds.), Research in Economic History (Vol. 24, pp. 1–53). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0363-3268(06)24001-1
European Commission. (2017). Regional innovation scoreboard 2017. Luxembourg. Publications Office of the European Union. https://op.europa.eu/en/search-results?p_p_id=eu_europa_publications_portlet_search_executor_SearchExecutorPort-let_INSTANCE_q8EzsBteHybf&p_p_lifecycle=1&p_p_state=normal&language=en&startRow=1&resultsPerPage=10&SEARCH_TYPE=SIMILAR_DOCUMENTS&ORIGINAL_DOCUMENT_ID=a030c8f6-a12e-11e9-9d01-01aa75ed71a1.0001
European Commission. (2019a). Regional innovation scoreboard 2019. Luxembourg. Publications Office of the European Union. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/a030c8f6-a12e-11e9-9d01-01aa75ed71a1/language-en/format-PDF/source-search
European Commission. (2019b). Regional Innovation Scoreboard 2019. Methodology report. Luxembourg. Publications Office of the European Union. https://op.europa.eu/en/search-results?p_p_id=eu_europa_publications_portlet_search_executor_SearchExecutorPort-let_INSTANCE_q8EzsBteHybf&p_p_lifecycle=1&p_p_state=normal&queryText=Regional+Innovati-on+Scoreboard+2019.+Methodology+report.&facet.collection=EULex%2CEUPub%2CEUDir%2CEUWebPa-ge%2CEUSummariesOfLegislation&startRow=1&resultsPerPage=10&SEARCH_TYPE=SIMPLE
Falk, M. (2005). ICT-linked firm reorganisation and productivity gains. Technovation, 25(11), 1229–1250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2004.07.004
Fan, P., Urs, N., & Hamlin, R. E. (2019). Rising innovative city-regions in a transitional economy: A case study of ICT industry in Cluj-Napoca, Romania. Technology in Society, 58, 101139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2019.05.003
Foray, D. (2016). On the policy space of smart specialization strategies. European Planning Studies, 24(8), 1428–1437. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2016.1176126
Foray, D. (2019). In response to “Six critical questions about smart spezialisation”. European Planning Studies, 27(10), 2066–2078. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2019.1664037
Foray, D., David, P. A., & Hall, B. (2009). Smart specialisation – the concept. Knowledge Economists Policy Brief, 9, 1–5. https://ec.europa.eu/invest-in-research/pdf/download_en/kfg_policy_brief_no9.pdf?11111
Freeman, C. (1987). Technology policy and economic performance: Lessons from Japan. Pinter Publishers.
Furman, J. L., Porter, M. E., & Stern, S. (2002). The determinants of national innovative capacity. Research Policy, 31(6), 899–933. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(01)00152-4
Gaspar, J., & Glaeser, E. L. (1998). Information technology and the future of cities. Journal of Urban Economics, 43(1), 136–156. https://doi.org/10.1006/juec.1996.2031
Gianelle, C., Guzzo, F., & Mieszkowski, K. (2020). Smart specialisation: What gets lost in translation from concept to practice? Regional Studies, 54(10), 1377–1388. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2019.1607970
Hall, B., & Khan, B. (2003). Adoption of new technology (NBER Working Paper No. 9730). National Bureau of Economic Research. http://www.nber.org/papers/w9730
Hassink, R., & Gong, H. (2019). Six critical questions about smart specialization. European Planning Studies, 27(10), 2049–2065. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2019.1650898
Hellwig, Z. (1968). Zastosowanie metody taksonomicznej do typologicznego podziału krajów ze względu na poziom ich rozwoju oraz zasoby i strukturę wykwalifikowanych kadr [Application of the taxonomic method for the typological division of countries according to their level of develop-ment and structure of qualified personnel]. Przegląd Statystyczny, 15(4), 307–327.
Hellwig, Z. (1972). Procedure of evaluating high-level manpower data and typology of countries by means of the taxonomic method. In Z. Gostkowski (Ed.), Towards a system of human resources indicators for less developed countries: Papers prepared for a UNESCO Research Project (pp. 115–134). The Polish Academy of Sciences Press.
Hinloopen, J., & Van Marrewijk, C. (2001). On the empirical distribution of the Balassa Index. Review of World Economics/Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 137, 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02707598
Hollenstein, H. (2004). Determinants of the adoption of information and communication technologies. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 15(3), 315–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2004.01.003
Jakobi, A. (2012). Complex regional assessment possibilities of competitiveness of the information economy and society in Hungary: From regional statistics to regional policy. European Regional Science Association (ERSA) Conference papers. Louvain-la-Neuve. http://hdl.handle.net/10419/120730
Karlsson, C., Maier, G., Trippl, M., Siedschlag, I., Owen, R., Murphy, G., & Bogdanowicz, M. (2010). ICT and regional economic dynamics: A literature review. European Commission. EUR 24510 EN. Publications Office of the European Union. https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC59920
Karo, E., & Kattel, R. (2015). Economic development and evolving state capacities in Central and Eastern Europe: Can “smart specialization” make a difference? Journal of Economic Policy Reform, 8(2), 172–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/17487870.2015.1009068
Kijek, T., & Kijek, A. (2019). Is innovation the key to solving the productivity paradox? Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 4(4), 219–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2017.12.010
Kleibrink, A., Niehaves, B., Palop, P., Sörvik, J., & Thapa, B. (2015). Regional ICT innovation in the European Union: Prioritization and performance (2008–2012). Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 6(2), 320–333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-015-0240-0
Kroll, H., Muller, E., Schnabl, E., & Zenker, A. (2014). From smart concept to challenging practice: How European regions deal with the Commission’s request for novel innovation strategies (Working Papers Firms and Region, R2/2014). Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research (ISI).
https://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/fisifr/r22014.html
Liao, H., Wang, B., Li, B., & Weyman-Jones, T. (2016). ICT as a general-purpose technology: The productivity of ICT in the United States revisited. Information Economics and Policy, 36, 10–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoecopol.2016.05.001
Lipsey, R. G., Carlaw, K. I., & Bekar, C. T. (2005). Economic transformations: General Purpose Technologies and long-term economic growth. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050711002099
Lopes, J., Ferreira, J. J., & Farinha, L. (2019). Innovation strategies for smart specialisation (RIS3): Past, present and future research. Growth and Change, 50(1), 38–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/grow.12268
Lundström, N., & Mäenpää, A. (2017). Wicked game of smart specialization: A player’s handbook. European Planning Studies, 25(8), 1357–1374. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2017.1307328
Lundvall, B. A. (Ed.). (1992). National systems of innovation: Towards a theory of innovation and interactive learning. Pinter Publishers. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1gxp7cs
Mas, M., Fernández De Guevara Radoselovics, J., Robledo, J. C., & López-Cobo, M. (2017). The 2017 PREDICT key facts report. An analysis of ICT R&D in the EU and beyond. JRC Technical Reports, JRC112019, EUR 28594 EN. Publications Office of the European Union. https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC106658
Mazzucato, M. (2018). Mission-oriented innovation policies: Challenges and opportunities. Industrial and Corporate Change, 27(5), 803–815. https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dty034
McCann, P., & Ortega-Argilés, R. (2015). Smart specialisation, regional growth and applications to EU cohesion policy. Regional Studies, 49(8), 1291–1302. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2013.799769
Mierzwa, Z. (2017). Implementation of multivariate statistical analysis for warning forecasting. Review of Business and Economics Studies, 5(4), 22–36. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/implementation-of-multivariate-statistical-analysis-for-warning-forecasting/viewer
Nelson, R. R. (Ed.) (1993). National innovation systems: A comparative analysis. Oxford University Press. https://global.oup.com/academic/product/national-innovation-systems-9780195076172?cc=lt&lang=en&
OECD. (2007). Information economy – sector definitions based on the International Standard Industry Classification (ISIC 4). Working Party on Indicators for the Information Society (WPIIS). DSTI/ICCP/IIS(2006)2/FINAL, JT03223017. https://www.oecd.org/sti/38217340.pdf
Panek, T. (2009). Statystyczne metody wielowymiarowej analizy porównawczej [Statistical methods of multivariate comparative analysis]. Warsaw School of Economics [SGH]. Warsaw, Poland.
Peine, A., & Herrmann, A. M. (2012). The sources of use knowledge: Towards integrating the dynamics of technology use and design in the articulation of societal challenges. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 79(8), 1495–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2012.04.014
Phelps, C., Heidl, R., & Wadhwa, A. (2012). Knowledge, networks, and knowledge networks: A review and research agenda. Journal of Management, 38(4), 1115–1166. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311432640
Radosevic, S., Curaj, A., Gheorghiu, R., Andreescu, L., & Wade, I. (Eds.) (2017). Advances in the theory and practice of smart specialization (1st ed.). Academic Press, Elsevier. https://www.elsevier.com/books/advances-in-the-theory-and-practice-of-smart-specialization/radosevic/978-0-12-804137-6
Rajaraman, V. (2018). Breakthroughs in information and communication technologies – Part I. Reson, 23, 787–808. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12045-018-0678-z
Rodríguez-Pose, A., & Wilkie, C. (2015). Institutions and the entrepreneurial discovery process for smart specialization. In Papers in Evolutionary Economic Geography (PEEG) 1523. Utrecht University. Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning. Group Economic Geography. https://ideas.repec.org/p/egu/wpaper/1523.html
Rosenberg, N., & Trajtenberg, M. (2004). A general-purpose technology at work: The Corliss steam engine in the late-nineteenth-century United States. The Journal of Economic History, 64(1), 61–99. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050704002608
Smart specialization platform. (2020). aEye@RIS3: Innovation priorities in Europe. European Commission. https://s3platform.jrc.ec.europa.eu/map
Todeva, E. (2015). Market-driven clusters as prerequisites and consequences of smart specialisation. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 6, 250–269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-014-0221-8
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. (2018). Technology and innovation report 2018: Harnessing frontier technologies for sustainable development. UNCTAD. United Nations Publication.
https://unctad.org/webflyer/technology-and-innovation-report-2018
Van Ark, B. (2014). Productivity and digitalisation in Europe: Paving the road to faster growth. Lisbon Council Policy Brief, 8(1). The Lisbon Council, Brussels. https://lisboncouncil.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/LISBON_COUNCIL_THE_CONFERENCE_BOARD_Productivity_and_Digitalisation.pdf
Van Welsum, D., Overmeer, W., & Van Ark, B. (2013). Unlocking the ICT growth potential in Europe: Enabling people and businesses. Using scenarios to build a new narrative for the role of ICT in growth in Europe (Final main report). The Conference Board. European Commission. https://www.key4biz.it/files/000251/00025155.pdf
Balcerzak, A. P. (2016). Multiple-criteria evaluation of quality of human capital in the European Union countries. Economics and Sociology, 9(2), 11–26. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789X.2016/9-2/1
Balicki, A. (2009). Statystyczna analiza wielowymiarowa i jej zastosowania społeczno-ekonomiczne [Statistical multivariate analysis and its socio-economic applications]. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego. https://www.ibuk.pl/fiszka/134695/statystyczna-analiza-wielowymiarowa-i-jej-zastosowania-spolecznoekonomiczne.html
Balland, P. A., Boschma, R., Crespo, J., & Rigby, D. L. (2019). Smart specialization policy in the European Union: Relatedness, knowledge complexity and regional diversification. Regional Studies, 53(9), 1252–1268. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2018.1437900
Barzotto, M., Corradini, C., Fai, F., Labory, S., & Tomlinson, P. R. (2020). Smart specialisation, Industry 4.0 and lagging regions: Some directions for policy. Regional Studies, Regional Science, 7(1), 318–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/21681376.2020.1803124
Basile, R., Capello, R., & Caragliu, A. (2012). Technological interdependence and regional growth in Europe: Proximity and synergy in knowledge spillovers. Papers in Regional Science, 91(4), 697–722. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5957.2012.00438.x
Basu, S., & Fernald, J. G. (2007). Information and communications technology as a general-purpose technology: Evidence from U.S. industry data. German Economic Review, 8(2), 146–173. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2007.00402.x
Benner, M. (2020). Six additional questions about smart specialization: Implications for regional innovation policy 4.0. European Planning Studies, 28(8), 1667–1684. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2020.1764506
Bernhard, I., Gråsjö, U., & Karlsson, C. (Eds.) (2020). Diversity, innovation and clusters. Spatial perspectives. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781789902587
Boschma, R. (2005). Proximity and innovation. A critical survey. Regional Studies, 39(1), 61–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/0034340052000320887
Boschma, R. (2009). Evolutionary economic geography and its implications for regional innovation policy (Papers in Evolutionary Economic Geography (PEEG) 0912). Utrecht University, Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning, Group Economic Geography. https://ideas.repec.org/p/egu/wpaper/0912.html
Braunerhjelm, P., Acs, Z., Audretsch, D., & Carlsson, B. (2010). The missing link: Knowledge diffusion and entrepreneurship in endogenous growth. Small Business Economics, 34(2), 105–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-009-9235-1
Bresnahan, T. (2002). Prospects for an information-technology-led productivity surge. Innovation Policy & the Economy, 2, 135–161. https://doi.org/10.1086/653756
Bresnahan, T. (2010). General purpose technologies. In B. Hall, & N. Rosenberg (Eds.), Handbook of the economics of innovation (Vol. 2, pp. 761–791). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7218(10)02002-2
Bresnahan, T. F., & Trajtenberg, M. (1995). General purpose technologies “Engine of growth”? Journal of Econometrics, 65(1), 83–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01598-T
Capello, R., & Kroll, H. (2016). From theory to practice in smart specialization strategy: Emerging limits and possible future trajectories. European Planning Studies, 24(8), 1393–1406. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2016.1156058
Braczyk, H. J., Cooke, P., & Heidenreich, M. (Eds.). (2004). Regional innovation systems: The role of governance in a globalised world (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/Regional-Innovation-Systems-The-Role-of-Governances-in-a-Globalized-World/Braczyk-Cooke-Heidenreich/p/book/9780415303699
Corò, G., & Volpe, M. (2020). Driving factors in the adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies: An investigation of SMEs. In L. De Propris & D. Bailey (Eds), Industry 4.0 and regional transformations (1st ed., pp. 112–132). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429057984-7
Corradini, C., Santini, E., & Vecciolini, C. (2021). The geography of Industry 4.0 technologies across European regions. Regional Studies, Ahead-of-Print, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2021.1884216
Cortinovis, N., & Oort, F. (2015). Variety, economic growth and knowledge intensity of European regions: A spatial panel analysis. The Annals of Regional Science, 55(1), 7–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-015-0680-2
Crespo, J., Balland, P. A., Rigby, D., & Boschma, R. (2017). Regional diversification opportunities and smart specialization strategies. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. https://www3.gobiernodecanarias.org/aciisi/ris3/documentos/especializacion-inteligente/33-regional-diversification-opportunities-and-smart-specialization-strategies/file
De Castro, E. A., & Jensen-Butler, Ch. (2003). Demand for information and communication technology based services and regional economic development. Papers in Regional Science, 82(1), 27–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5597.2003.tb00002.x
Edler, J. (2016). The impact of policy measures to stimulate private demand for innovation. In J. Edler, P. Cunningham, A. Gök, & P. Shapira (Eds.), Handbook of innovation policy impact (pp. 318–354). Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781784711856.00017
Edquist H., & Henrekson, M. (2006). Technological breakthroughs and productivity growth. In A. J. Field, G. Clark, & W. A. Sundstrom (Eds.), Research in Economic History (Vol. 24, pp. 1–53). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0363-3268(06)24001-1
European Commission. (2017). Regional innovation scoreboard 2017. Luxembourg. Publications Office of the European Union. https://op.europa.eu/en/search-results?p_p_id=eu_europa_publications_portlet_search_executor_SearchExecutorPort-let_INSTANCE_q8EzsBteHybf&p_p_lifecycle=1&p_p_state=normal&language=en&startRow=1&resultsPerPage=10&SEARCH_TYPE=SIMILAR_DOCUMENTS&ORIGINAL_DOCUMENT_ID=a030c8f6-a12e-11e9-9d01-01aa75ed71a1.0001
European Commission. (2019a). Regional innovation scoreboard 2019. Luxembourg. Publications Office of the European Union. https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/a030c8f6-a12e-11e9-9d01-01aa75ed71a1/language-en/format-PDF/source-search
European Commission. (2019b). Regional Innovation Scoreboard 2019. Methodology report. Luxembourg. Publications Office of the European Union. https://op.europa.eu/en/search-results?p_p_id=eu_europa_publications_portlet_search_executor_SearchExecutorPort-let_INSTANCE_q8EzsBteHybf&p_p_lifecycle=1&p_p_state=normal&queryText=Regional+Innovati-on+Scoreboard+2019.+Methodology+report.&facet.collection=EULex%2CEUPub%2CEUDir%2CEUWebPa-ge%2CEUSummariesOfLegislation&startRow=1&resultsPerPage=10&SEARCH_TYPE=SIMPLE
Falk, M. (2005). ICT-linked firm reorganisation and productivity gains. Technovation, 25(11), 1229–1250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2004.07.004
Fan, P., Urs, N., & Hamlin, R. E. (2019). Rising innovative city-regions in a transitional economy: A case study of ICT industry in Cluj-Napoca, Romania. Technology in Society, 58, 101139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2019.05.003
Foray, D. (2016). On the policy space of smart specialization strategies. European Planning Studies, 24(8), 1428–1437. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2016.1176126
Foray, D. (2019). In response to “Six critical questions about smart spezialisation”. European Planning Studies, 27(10), 2066–2078. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2019.1664037
Foray, D., David, P. A., & Hall, B. (2009). Smart specialisation – the concept. Knowledge Economists Policy Brief, 9, 1–5. https://ec.europa.eu/invest-in-research/pdf/download_en/kfg_policy_brief_no9.pdf?11111
Freeman, C. (1987). Technology policy and economic performance: Lessons from Japan. Pinter Publishers.
Furman, J. L., Porter, M. E., & Stern, S. (2002). The determinants of national innovative capacity. Research Policy, 31(6), 899–933. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(01)00152-4
Gaspar, J., & Glaeser, E. L. (1998). Information technology and the future of cities. Journal of Urban Economics, 43(1), 136–156. https://doi.org/10.1006/juec.1996.2031
Gianelle, C., Guzzo, F., & Mieszkowski, K. (2020). Smart specialisation: What gets lost in translation from concept to practice? Regional Studies, 54(10), 1377–1388. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2019.1607970
Hall, B., & Khan, B. (2003). Adoption of new technology (NBER Working Paper No. 9730). National Bureau of Economic Research. http://www.nber.org/papers/w9730
Hassink, R., & Gong, H. (2019). Six critical questions about smart specialization. European Planning Studies, 27(10), 2049–2065. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2019.1650898
Hellwig, Z. (1968). Zastosowanie metody taksonomicznej do typologicznego podziału krajów ze względu na poziom ich rozwoju oraz zasoby i strukturę wykwalifikowanych kadr [Application of the taxonomic method for the typological division of countries according to their level of develop-ment and structure of qualified personnel]. Przegląd Statystyczny, 15(4), 307–327.
Hellwig, Z. (1972). Procedure of evaluating high-level manpower data and typology of countries by means of the taxonomic method. In Z. Gostkowski (Ed.), Towards a system of human resources indicators for less developed countries: Papers prepared for a UNESCO Research Project (pp. 115–134). The Polish Academy of Sciences Press.
Hinloopen, J., & Van Marrewijk, C. (2001). On the empirical distribution of the Balassa Index. Review of World Economics/Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 137, 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02707598
Hollenstein, H. (2004). Determinants of the adoption of information and communication technologies. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 15(3), 315–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2004.01.003
Jakobi, A. (2012). Complex regional assessment possibilities of competitiveness of the information economy and society in Hungary: From regional statistics to regional policy. European Regional Science Association (ERSA) Conference papers. Louvain-la-Neuve. http://hdl.handle.net/10419/120730
Karlsson, C., Maier, G., Trippl, M., Siedschlag, I., Owen, R., Murphy, G., & Bogdanowicz, M. (2010). ICT and regional economic dynamics: A literature review. European Commission. EUR 24510 EN. Publications Office of the European Union. https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC59920
Karo, E., & Kattel, R. (2015). Economic development and evolving state capacities in Central and Eastern Europe: Can “smart specialization” make a difference? Journal of Economic Policy Reform, 8(2), 172–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/17487870.2015.1009068
Kijek, T., & Kijek, A. (2019). Is innovation the key to solving the productivity paradox? Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 4(4), 219–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2017.12.010
Kleibrink, A., Niehaves, B., Palop, P., Sörvik, J., & Thapa, B. (2015). Regional ICT innovation in the European Union: Prioritization and performance (2008–2012). Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 6(2), 320–333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-015-0240-0
Kroll, H., Muller, E., Schnabl, E., & Zenker, A. (2014). From smart concept to challenging practice: How European regions deal with the Commission’s request for novel innovation strategies (Working Papers Firms and Region, R2/2014). Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research (ISI).
https://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/fisifr/r22014.html
Liao, H., Wang, B., Li, B., & Weyman-Jones, T. (2016). ICT as a general-purpose technology: The productivity of ICT in the United States revisited. Information Economics and Policy, 36, 10–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoecopol.2016.05.001
Lipsey, R. G., Carlaw, K. I., & Bekar, C. T. (2005). Economic transformations: General Purpose Technologies and long-term economic growth. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050711002099
Lopes, J., Ferreira, J. J., & Farinha, L. (2019). Innovation strategies for smart specialisation (RIS3): Past, present and future research. Growth and Change, 50(1), 38–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/grow.12268
Lundström, N., & Mäenpää, A. (2017). Wicked game of smart specialization: A player’s handbook. European Planning Studies, 25(8), 1357–1374. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2017.1307328
Lundvall, B. A. (Ed.). (1992). National systems of innovation: Towards a theory of innovation and interactive learning. Pinter Publishers. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1gxp7cs
Mas, M., Fernández De Guevara Radoselovics, J., Robledo, J. C., & López-Cobo, M. (2017). The 2017 PREDICT key facts report. An analysis of ICT R&D in the EU and beyond. JRC Technical Reports, JRC112019, EUR 28594 EN. Publications Office of the European Union. https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC106658
Mazzucato, M. (2018). Mission-oriented innovation policies: Challenges and opportunities. Industrial and Corporate Change, 27(5), 803–815. https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dty034
McCann, P., & Ortega-Argilés, R. (2015). Smart specialisation, regional growth and applications to EU cohesion policy. Regional Studies, 49(8), 1291–1302. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2013.799769
Mierzwa, Z. (2017). Implementation of multivariate statistical analysis for warning forecasting. Review of Business and Economics Studies, 5(4), 22–36. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/implementation-of-multivariate-statistical-analysis-for-warning-forecasting/viewer
Nelson, R. R. (Ed.) (1993). National innovation systems: A comparative analysis. Oxford University Press. https://global.oup.com/academic/product/national-innovation-systems-9780195076172?cc=lt&lang=en&
OECD. (2007). Information economy – sector definitions based on the International Standard Industry Classification (ISIC 4). Working Party on Indicators for the Information Society (WPIIS). DSTI/ICCP/IIS(2006)2/FINAL, JT03223017. https://www.oecd.org/sti/38217340.pdf
Panek, T. (2009). Statystyczne metody wielowymiarowej analizy porównawczej [Statistical methods of multivariate comparative analysis]. Warsaw School of Economics [SGH]. Warsaw, Poland.
Peine, A., & Herrmann, A. M. (2012). The sources of use knowledge: Towards integrating the dynamics of technology use and design in the articulation of societal challenges. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 79(8), 1495–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2012.04.014
Phelps, C., Heidl, R., & Wadhwa, A. (2012). Knowledge, networks, and knowledge networks: A review and research agenda. Journal of Management, 38(4), 1115–1166. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206311432640
Radosevic, S., Curaj, A., Gheorghiu, R., Andreescu, L., & Wade, I. (Eds.) (2017). Advances in the theory and practice of smart specialization (1st ed.). Academic Press, Elsevier. https://www.elsevier.com/books/advances-in-the-theory-and-practice-of-smart-specialization/radosevic/978-0-12-804137-6
Rajaraman, V. (2018). Breakthroughs in information and communication technologies – Part I. Reson, 23, 787–808. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12045-018-0678-z
Rodríguez-Pose, A., & Wilkie, C. (2015). Institutions and the entrepreneurial discovery process for smart specialization. In Papers in Evolutionary Economic Geography (PEEG) 1523. Utrecht University. Department of Human Geography and Spatial Planning. Group Economic Geography. https://ideas.repec.org/p/egu/wpaper/1523.html
Rosenberg, N., & Trajtenberg, M. (2004). A general-purpose technology at work: The Corliss steam engine in the late-nineteenth-century United States. The Journal of Economic History, 64(1), 61–99. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050704002608
Smart specialization platform. (2020). aEye@RIS3: Innovation priorities in Europe. European Commission. https://s3platform.jrc.ec.europa.eu/map
Todeva, E. (2015). Market-driven clusters as prerequisites and consequences of smart specialisation. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 6, 250–269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-014-0221-8
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. (2018). Technology and innovation report 2018: Harnessing frontier technologies for sustainable development. UNCTAD. United Nations Publication.
https://unctad.org/webflyer/technology-and-innovation-report-2018
Van Ark, B. (2014). Productivity and digitalisation in Europe: Paving the road to faster growth. Lisbon Council Policy Brief, 8(1). The Lisbon Council, Brussels. https://lisboncouncil.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/LISBON_COUNCIL_THE_CONFERENCE_BOARD_Productivity_and_Digitalisation.pdf
Van Welsum, D., Overmeer, W., & Van Ark, B. (2013). Unlocking the ICT growth potential in Europe: Enabling people and businesses. Using scenarios to build a new narrative for the role of ICT in growth in Europe (Final main report). The Conference Board. European Commission. https://www.key4biz.it/files/000251/00025155.pdf