Back analysis and stability prediction of surrounding rock during excavation of the Shuangjiangkou underground powerhouse
Abstract
The underground powerhouse of the Shuangjiangkou hydropower station is one of the largest caverns under construction in China, and its stability during construction is crucial for safe construction. To study the stability of the surrounding rock during excavation, the displacement and stress of the surrounding rock were monitored by multi-point displacement meters and bolt stress meters. Based on the monitoring data, the elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio, friction angle, and cohesion of surrounding rock were inversely analyzed by the PSO-BP algorithm. Then, the back-analyzed parameters were used to simulate the subsequent excavations and predict the stability of surrounding rock during the following construction. The analysis results show that the surrounding rocks were generally stable during the initial four stages of excavation, and the main factors affecting their stability were blasts and unfavorable geological structures, including the lamprophyre vein and the F1 fault. These unfavorable geological structures also significantly decrease the mechanical parameters of surrounding rock as demonstrated by back analysis, and the stability prediction results show that the omnibus bar cave and the tailrace tunnel were at the greatest risk of instability during the subsequent excavations. This study provides a practical analysis for engineering excavation of the underground caverns.
Keyword : underground cavern, back analysis, stability prediction, safety monitoring, neural network algorithm, numerical simulation
How to Cite
Li, Y., Xiao, M.-L., Feng, G., Cai, M.-G., Wu, J.-M., Pei, J.-L., & He, J.-D. (2024). Back analysis and stability prediction of surrounding rock during excavation of the Shuangjiangkou underground powerhouse. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 30(3), 264–278. https://doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2024.20778
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Ma, K., Tang, C. A., Liang, Z. Z., Zhuang, D. Y., & Zhang, Q. B. (2017). Stability analysis and reinforcement evaluation of high-steep rock slope by microseismic monitoring. Engineering Geology, 218, 22–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.12.020
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Ma, H.-P., Daud, N. N. N., Yousof, Z. M., Yaacob, W. Z., & He, H.-J. (2023). Stability analysis of surrounding rock of an underground cavern group and excavation scheme optimization: Based on an optimized DDARF method. Applied Sciences, 13(4), Article 2152. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13042152
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Manthei, G., & Plenkers, K. (2018). Review on in situ acoustic emission monitoring in the context of structural health monitoring in mines. Applied Sciences, 8(9), Article1595. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8091595
Menéndez, J., Schmidt, F., Konietzky, H., Sánchez, A. B., & Loredo, J. (2020). Empirical analysis and geomechanical modelling of an underground water reservoir for hydroelectric power plants. Applied Sciences, 10(17), Article 5853. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10175853
Mikolas, M., Mikusinec, J., Abrahamovsky, J., Dibdiakova, J., Tyulyaeva, Y., & Srek, J. (2021). Activities of a mine surveyor and a geologist at design bases in a limestone quarry. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 906, Article 012073. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/906/1/012073
Moomivand, H., Moosazadeh, S., & Gilani, S.-O. (2022). A new empirical approach to estimate the ratio of horizontal to vertical in-situ stress and evaluation of its effect on the stability analysis of underground spaces. Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik, 38(3), 97–107. https://doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2022.3.8
Ono, K. (2018). Review on structural health evaluation with acoustic emission. Applied Sciences, 8(6), Article 958. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8060958
Prajapati, S. K., & Verma, A. (2023). Effect of fault characteristics on plastic zones around parallelly spaced two underground caverns and shear displacement along the fault plane. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 99(6), 765–772. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-023-2383-0
Qian, Q., & Zhou, X. (2018). Failure behaviors and rock deformation during excavation of underground cavern group for Jinping I hydropower station. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 51, 2639–2651. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1518-x
Rahimi, B., Sharifzadeh, M., Feng, X.-T. (2021). A comprehensive underground excavation design (CUED) methodology for geotechnical engineering design of deep underground mining and tunneling. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 143, Article 104684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2021.104684
Rajabi, M., Rahmannejad, R., & Rezaei, M. (2021). Studying the deformation and stability of rock mass surrounding the power station caverns using NA and GEP models. Structural Engineering and Mechanics, 79, 35–50.
Rezaei, M., & Rajabi, M. (2018). Vertical displacement estimation in roof and floor of an underground powerhouse cavern. Engineering Failure Analysis, 90, 290–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2018.03.010
Sainoki, A., Maina, D., Schwartzkopff, A. K., Obara, Y., & Karakus, M. (2020). Impact of the intermediate stress component in a plastic potential function on rock mass stability around a sequentially excavated large underground cavity. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 127, 104223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2020.104223
Sari, M. (2022). Two-and three-dimensional stability analysis of underground storage caverns in soft rock (Cappadocia, Turkey) by finite element method. Journal of Mountain Science, 19(4), 1182–1202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-021-7047-1
Sudhakar, K., Sinha, R. K., & Naik, S. R. (2023). Study on the impact of different parameters on prediction of crown deformations in underground caverns. Sustainability, 15(17), Article 12851. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151712851
Sun, X., Zhu, J., Xu, Y., Ren, C., Yang, K., Zhang, F., Zhao, W., & Yuan, J. (2021). Multisource monitoring and early warning system of rock burst in the Gaoloushan deep-buried tunnel. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 861, Article 042028. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/861/4/042028
Sun, Y., Mao, H., Dong, L., Li, B., & Xu, N. (2023). Stability analysis of surrounding rock mass in underground caverns considering damage effect of microfractures. In Rock Dynamics: Progress and Prospect, Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Rock Dynamics And Applications (Vol. 1). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003359142-36
Vo, T., Dang, V., Do, A. N., & Do, T. N. (2022). Study on the stability of rock mass around large underground cavern based on numerical analysis: A case study in the Cai Mep project. Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences, 63(3), 50–58. https://doi.org/10.46326/JMES.2022.63(3a).06
Warpinski, N. (2009). Microseismic monitoring: Inside and out. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 61(11), 80–85. https://doi.org/10.2118/118537-JPT
Xu, Q., Chen, J.-T., & Xiao, M. (2020). Analysis of unsteady seepage field and surrounding rock stability of underground cavern excavation. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 97, Article 103239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2019.103239
Yan, H.-C., Liu, H.-Z., Li, Y., Zhuo, L., Xiao, M.-L., Chen, K.-P., Wu, J.-M., & Pei, J.-L. (2023). Inversion analysis of the in situ stress field around underground caverns based on particle swarm optimization optimized back propagation neural network. Applied Sciences, 13(8), Article 4697. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13084697
Yu, J., Meng, X., Yan, B., Xu, B., Fan, Q., & Xie, Y. (2020). Global navigation satellite system‐based positioning technology for structural health monitoring: a review. Structural Control and Health Monitoring, 27(1), Article e2467. https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.2467
Zhang, Q., Li, F., Duan, K., Yu, G., Cheng, L., & Guo, X. (2021). Experimental investigation on splitting failure of high sidewall cavern under three-dimensional high in-situ stress. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 108, Article 103725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2020.103725
Zhao, B.-x., Wang, Z.-g., Liu, R., & Lei, L.-q. (2014). Review of microseismic monitoring technology research. Progress in Geophysics, 29(4), 1882–1888.
Zheng, X., Zhou, J., Wang, F., & Chen, Y. (2018). Routes to failure and prevention recommendations in work systems of hydropower construction. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 24(3), 206–222. https://doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2018.1647
Blake, W. (1974). Microseismic techniques for monitoring the behavior of rock structures (Vol. 665). US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines.
Chandra, S., Nilsen, B., & Lu, M. (2010). Predicting excavation methods and rock support: a case study from the Himalayan region of India. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 69, 257–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-009-0252-8
Choi, S. W., Lee, J., Oh, B. K., & Park, H. S. (2016). Analytical models for estimation of the maximum strain of beam structures based on optical fiber Bragg grating sensors. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 22(1), 86–91. https://doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2014.897976
Dhawan, K., Singh, D., & Gupta, I. D. (2004). Three-dimensional finite element analysis of underground caverns. International Journal of Geomechanics, 4(3), 224–228. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1532-3641(2004)4:3(224)
Ding, X., & Qin, H. (2000). Geotechnical instruments in structural monitoring. Journal of Geospatial Engineering, 2(1), 45–56.
Gholizadeh, S., Leman, Z., & Baharudin, B. T. H. T. (2015). A review of the application of acoustic emission technique in engineering. Structural Engineering and Mechanics, 54(6), 1075–1095. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2015.54.6.1075
Gong, H., Kizil, M. S., Chen, Z., Amanzadeh, M., Yang, B., & Aminossadati, M. S. (2019). Advances in fibre optic based geotechnical monitoring systems for underground excavations. International Journal of Mining Science and Technology, 29(2), 229–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmst.2018.06.007
Hanna, T. H. (1985). Field instrumentation in geotechnical engineering. Trans Tech Publications.
He, J., Li, X., Deng, X., Zhang, S., & Qin, L. (2021). Mechanical properties and stability analysis of surrounding rock of underground cavern under various stress loading paths. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 861, Article 042012. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/861/4/042012
Khayrutdinov, M., Kongar-Syuryun, C. B., Khayrutdinov, A. M., & Tyulyaeva, Y. S. (2021). Improving safety when extracting water-soluble ores by optimizing the parameters of the backfill mass. Monthly Journal of Research and Production, 2021, 53–59. https://doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2021-1-53-59
Khayrutdinov, M. M., Golik, V. I., Aleksakhin, A. V., Trushina, E. V., Lazareva, N. V., & Aleksakhina, Y. V. (2022). Proposal of an algorithm for choice of a development system for operational and environmental safety in mining. Resources, 11(10), Article 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources11100088
Kuili, S., & Sastry, V. R. (2023). A numerical modelling mpproach to mssess deformations of horseshoe cavern on account of rock mass characteristics and discontinuities. International Journal of Engineering, 36(7), 1259–1268. https://doi.org/10.5829/IJE.2023.36.07A.07
Kumar, V., Jha, P. C., Singh, N. P., & Cherukuri, S. (2021). Dynamic stability evaluation of underground powerhouse cavern using microseismic monitoring. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 39(3), 1795–1815. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-020-01588-9
Lanciano, C., Vanneschi, C., Tufarolo, E., & Salvini, R. (2021). Distributed optical fiber sensors and terrestrial laser scanner surveys for the monitoring of an underground marble quarry. Italian Journal of Engineering Geology and Environment, 2021, 117–125. https://doi.org/10.4408/IJEGE.2021-01.S-11
Lawal, A. I., & Kwon, S. (2021). Application of artificial intelligence to rock mechanics: An overview. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 13(1), 248–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2020.05.010
Lechner, W., & Baumann, S. (2000). Global navigation satellite systems. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 25(1–2), 67–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1699(99)00056-3
Li, Y., Chen, Y., Jiang, Q., Hu, R., & Zhou, C. (2014). Performance assessment and optimization of seepage control system: a numerical case study for Kala underground powerhouse. Computers and Geotechnics, 55, 306–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2013.09.013
Ma, K., Tang, C. A., Wang, L. X., Tang, D. H., Zhuang, D. Y., Zhang, Q. B., & Zhao, J. (2016). Stability analysis of underground oil storage caverns by an integrated numerical and microseismic monitoring approach. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 54, 81–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2016.01.024
Ma, K., Tang, C. A., Liang, Z. Z., Zhuang, D. Y., & Zhang, Q. B. (2017). Stability analysis and reinforcement evaluation of high-steep rock slope by microseismic monitoring. Engineering Geology, 218, 22–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.12.020
Ma, K., Feng, B., Zhuang, D. Y., Guo, X. F., & Gao, Q. (2020a). Distance effects of the fault on the surrounding rock mass stability of the main powerhouse at the Huanggou pumped-storage power station. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 106, Article 103568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2020.103568
Ma, K., Zhang, J., Zhou, Z., & Xu, N. (2020b). Comprehensive analysis of the surrounding rock mass stability in the underground caverns of Jinping I hydropower station in Southwest China. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 104, Article 103525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2020.103525
Ma, H.-P., Daud, N. N. N., Yousof, Z. M., Yaacob, W. Z., & He, H.-J. (2023). Stability analysis of surrounding rock of an underground cavern group and excavation scheme optimization: Based on an optimized DDARF method. Applied Sciences, 13(4), Article 2152. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13042152
Małkowski, P., Niedbalski, Z., & Bednarek, L. (2021). Automatic monitoring system designed for controlling the stability of underground excavation. Journal of the Polish Mineral Engineering Society, 2(1), 15–30. http://doi.org/10.29227/IM-2021-02-01
Manthei, G., & Plenkers, K. (2018). Review on in situ acoustic emission monitoring in the context of structural health monitoring in mines. Applied Sciences, 8(9), Article1595. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8091595
Menéndez, J., Schmidt, F., Konietzky, H., Sánchez, A. B., & Loredo, J. (2020). Empirical analysis and geomechanical modelling of an underground water reservoir for hydroelectric power plants. Applied Sciences, 10(17), Article 5853. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10175853
Mikolas, M., Mikusinec, J., Abrahamovsky, J., Dibdiakova, J., Tyulyaeva, Y., & Srek, J. (2021). Activities of a mine surveyor and a geologist at design bases in a limestone quarry. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 906, Article 012073. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/906/1/012073
Moomivand, H., Moosazadeh, S., & Gilani, S.-O. (2022). A new empirical approach to estimate the ratio of horizontal to vertical in-situ stress and evaluation of its effect on the stability analysis of underground spaces. Rudarsko-geološko-naftni zbornik, 38(3), 97–107. https://doi.org/10.17794/rgn.2022.3.8
Ono, K. (2018). Review on structural health evaluation with acoustic emission. Applied Sciences, 8(6), Article 958. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8060958
Prajapati, S. K., & Verma, A. (2023). Effect of fault characteristics on plastic zones around parallelly spaced two underground caverns and shear displacement along the fault plane. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 99(6), 765–772. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-023-2383-0
Qian, Q., & Zhou, X. (2018). Failure behaviors and rock deformation during excavation of underground cavern group for Jinping I hydropower station. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 51, 2639–2651. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-018-1518-x
Rahimi, B., Sharifzadeh, M., Feng, X.-T. (2021). A comprehensive underground excavation design (CUED) methodology for geotechnical engineering design of deep underground mining and tunneling. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 143, Article 104684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2021.104684
Rajabi, M., Rahmannejad, R., & Rezaei, M. (2021). Studying the deformation and stability of rock mass surrounding the power station caverns using NA and GEP models. Structural Engineering and Mechanics, 79, 35–50.
Rezaei, M., & Rajabi, M. (2018). Vertical displacement estimation in roof and floor of an underground powerhouse cavern. Engineering Failure Analysis, 90, 290–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2018.03.010
Sainoki, A., Maina, D., Schwartzkopff, A. K., Obara, Y., & Karakus, M. (2020). Impact of the intermediate stress component in a plastic potential function on rock mass stability around a sequentially excavated large underground cavity. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 127, 104223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2020.104223
Sari, M. (2022). Two-and three-dimensional stability analysis of underground storage caverns in soft rock (Cappadocia, Turkey) by finite element method. Journal of Mountain Science, 19(4), 1182–1202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-021-7047-1
Sudhakar, K., Sinha, R. K., & Naik, S. R. (2023). Study on the impact of different parameters on prediction of crown deformations in underground caverns. Sustainability, 15(17), Article 12851. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151712851
Sun, X., Zhu, J., Xu, Y., Ren, C., Yang, K., Zhang, F., Zhao, W., & Yuan, J. (2021). Multisource monitoring and early warning system of rock burst in the Gaoloushan deep-buried tunnel. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 861, Article 042028. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/861/4/042028
Sun, Y., Mao, H., Dong, L., Li, B., & Xu, N. (2023). Stability analysis of surrounding rock mass in underground caverns considering damage effect of microfractures. In Rock Dynamics: Progress and Prospect, Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Rock Dynamics And Applications (Vol. 1). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003359142-36
Vo, T., Dang, V., Do, A. N., & Do, T. N. (2022). Study on the stability of rock mass around large underground cavern based on numerical analysis: A case study in the Cai Mep project. Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences, 63(3), 50–58. https://doi.org/10.46326/JMES.2022.63(3a).06
Warpinski, N. (2009). Microseismic monitoring: Inside and out. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 61(11), 80–85. https://doi.org/10.2118/118537-JPT
Xu, Q., Chen, J.-T., & Xiao, M. (2020). Analysis of unsteady seepage field and surrounding rock stability of underground cavern excavation. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 97, Article 103239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2019.103239
Yan, H.-C., Liu, H.-Z., Li, Y., Zhuo, L., Xiao, M.-L., Chen, K.-P., Wu, J.-M., & Pei, J.-L. (2023). Inversion analysis of the in situ stress field around underground caverns based on particle swarm optimization optimized back propagation neural network. Applied Sciences, 13(8), Article 4697. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13084697
Yu, J., Meng, X., Yan, B., Xu, B., Fan, Q., & Xie, Y. (2020). Global navigation satellite system‐based positioning technology for structural health monitoring: a review. Structural Control and Health Monitoring, 27(1), Article e2467. https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.2467
Zhang, Q., Li, F., Duan, K., Yu, G., Cheng, L., & Guo, X. (2021). Experimental investigation on splitting failure of high sidewall cavern under three-dimensional high in-situ stress. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 108, Article 103725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2020.103725
Zhao, B.-x., Wang, Z.-g., Liu, R., & Lei, L.-q. (2014). Review of microseismic monitoring technology research. Progress in Geophysics, 29(4), 1882–1888.
Zheng, X., Zhou, J., Wang, F., & Chen, Y. (2018). Routes to failure and prevention recommendations in work systems of hydropower construction. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 24(3), 206–222. https://doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2018.1647