Approach to refurbishment of timber preschool buildings with a view on energy and economic efficiency
Abstract
The refurbishment of educational buildings usually involves a variety of measures aiming at reducing energy demands and improving building functionality to achieve higher living comfort. This paper aims to develop an approach for determination of comprehensive refurbishment strategy upon existing preschool buildings in Slovenia from the aspects of energy and economic efficiency. The main idea of the approach is to separate and individually analyse the investments into those related to energy efficiency improvements and those related to improvements of building functional quality through the step-by-step evaluation of individual measures. The proposed approach was applied on the case study of the existing timber preschool building in the city of Maribor. Generally, the highest energy savings are detected only in the case of combination of multiple renovation measures. Moreover, the economic indicators show low efficiency for almost all measures if they are treated separately. Additionally, the analysis reveals that certain measures are totally inefficient in terms of energy, yet they are highly beneficial from the viewpoint of building functional quality, which indicates the importance of the multi-perspective assessment of renovation process. The conclusions of this study can be implemented to similar building types and construction ages in similar climatic and economic environments.
Keyword : educational buildings, timber buildings, energy renovation, functional improvement, energy efficiency, cost of conserved energy
How to Cite
Šuman, N., Žigart, M., Premrov, M., & Žegarac Leskovar, V. (2019). Approach to refurbishment of timber preschool buildings with a view on energy and economic efficiency. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 25(1), 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2019.7593
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Becchio, C., Ferrando, D. G., Fregonara, E., Milani, N., Quercia, C., & Serra, V. (2016). The cost-optimal methodology for the energy retrofit of an ex-industrial building located in Northern Italy. Energy and Buildings, 127, 590-602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.05.093
Bonakdar, F., Dodoo, A., & Gustavsson, L. (2014). Cost-optimum analysis of building fabric renovation in a Swedish multistory residential building. Energy and Buildings, 84, 662-673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.09.003
Buildings Performance Institute Europe (BPIE). (2011). Europe’s buildings under the microscope. Brussels: Buildings Performance Institute.
Causone, F., Carlucci, S., Moazami, A., Cattarin, G., & Lorenzo, P. (2015). Retrofit of a kindergarten targeting zero energy balance. Energy Procedia, 78, 991-996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.039
City Municipality Maribor. (2018). City Council, materials. Retrieved from http://www.maribor.si/podrocje.aspx?id=23 (in Slovenian).
Congedo, P. M., D’Agostino, D., Baglivo, C., Tornese, G., & Zacà, I. (2016). Efficient solutions and cost-optimal analysis for existing school buildings. Energies, 9(10), 851. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9100851
Corgnati, S. P., Ansaldi, R., & Filippi, M. (2009). Thermal comfort in Italian classrooms under free running conditions during mid seasons: Assessment through objective and subjective approaches. Building and Environment, 44(4), 785-792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.05.023
Corgnati, S. P., Filippi, M., & Viazzo, S. (2007). Perception of the thermal environment in high school and university classrooms: Subjective preferences and thermal comfort. Building and Environment, 42(2), 951-959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.10.027
Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia. (2018). Portal ARSO. Retrieved from http://meteo.arso.gov.si/uploads/probase/www/climate/image/sl/by_variable/solar-radiation/mean-bright-sunshine-duration_year_81-10.png
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European Parliament, & Council of the European Union. (2010). Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of buildings. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1534941584761&uri=CELEX:32010L0031
Eurostat. (2010). Eurostat yearbook 2010. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-statistical-books/-/KS-CD-10-220
Feist, W. (2013). Passive house planning package PHPP, energy balance and passive house design tool for quality approved. Passive Houses and EnerPHit retrofits, Version 8.
Ivačič, A., Jashanica, K., Lešnik, M., & Stopar, A. (2014). Sustainable concepts of building design: Conceptual renovation project of kindergarten Pobrežje, unit Mojca. University of Maribor, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Maribor.
Konstantinou, T., & Knaack, U. (2013). An approach to integrate energy efficiency upgrade into refurbishment design process, applied in two case-study buildings in Northern European climate. Energy and Buildings, 59, 301-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.12.023
Kuusk, K., Kalamees, T., Link, S., Ilomets, S., & Mikola, A. (2017). Case-study analysis of concrete large-panel apartment building at pre- and post low-budget energy-renovation. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 23(1), 67-75. https://doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2014.975741
Martinaitis, V., Kazakevicius, E., & Vitkauskas, A. (2007). A twofactor method for appraising building renovation and energy efficiency improvement projects. Energy Policy, 35(1), 192-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2005.11.003
Martinaitis, V., Rogoža, A., & Bikmanien, I. (2004). Criterion to evaluate the “two-fold benefit” of the renovation of buildings and their elements. Energy and Buildings, 36(1), 3-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7788(03)00054-9
Meteotest. (2018). Meteonorm 7.1, Software.
Mijakowski, M., & Sowa, J. (2017). An attempt to improve indoor environment by installing humidity-sensitive air inlets in a naturally ventilated kindergarten building. Building and Environment, 111, 180-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.11.013
Ministry of Education, Science and Sport. (2018). List of kindergartens. Retrieved from http://www.mizs.gov.si/si/delovna_podrocja/direktorat_za_predsolsko_vzgojo_in_osnovno_sol-stvo/predsolska_vzgoja/ (in Slovenian).
Ministry of Infrastructure and Ministry of Public Administration. (2015). Long-term strategy for mobilising investments in the energy renovation of buildings (DSEPS). Retrieved from http://www.energetika-portal.si/dokumenti/strateski-razvojni-dokumenti/dolgorocna-strategija-za-spodbujanje-nalozb-energetske-prenove-stavb/ (in Slovenian).
Ministry of Infrastructure. (2018). Energy portal. Retrieved from http://www.energetika-portal.si/javne-objave/objava/?tx_t3javnirazpis_pi1%5Bshow_single%5D=937 (in Slovenian).
Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning, The Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia. (2018). Portal Prostor. Retrieved from http://www.e-prostor.gov.si/ (in Slovenian).
Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning. (2010). Technical guidelines TSG-1-004:2010 Efficient use of energy. Retrieved from http://www.mop.gov.si/si/delovna_podrocja/graditev/prirocniki_navodila_smernice/ (in Slovenian).
Niemelä, T., Kosonen, R., & Jokisalo, J. (2016). Cost-optimal energy performance renovation measures of educational buildings in cold climate. Applied Energy, 183, 1005-1020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.09.044
Norris, M., & Shiels, P. (2004). Regular national report on housing developments in European countries. Synthesis Report. Dublin: The Housing Unit.
Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia No. 20/2004, 18/2011. Rules on standards for the maintenance of apartment buildings and apartments (in Slovenian).
Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia No. 73/2010, 75/05, 33/08, 126/08, 47/10, 47/13, 74/16 in 20/17. Rules on standards and minimal technical conditions for kindergarten premises and equipment (in Slovenian).
Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia No. 95/2015, 71/2016, 23/2017. Slovenian accounting standards (in Slovenian).
Official Gazette of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia No. 35/70. Rules on technical measures and conditions for protection of buildings (in Serbo-Croatian).
Pagliano, L., Carlucci, S., Causone, F., Moazami, A., & Cattarin, G. (2016). Energy retrofit for a climate resilient child care centre. Energy and Buildings, 127, 1117-1132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.05.092
Pereira, L. D., Raimondo, D., Corgnati, S. P., & da Silva, M. G. (2014). Assessment of indoor air quality and thermal comfort in Portuguese secondary classrooms: Methodology and results. Building and Environment, 81, 69-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.06.008
Petersen, S., & Svendsen, S. (2012). Method for component-based economical optimisation for use in design of new low-energy buildings. Renewable Energy, 38(1), 173-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2011.07.019
Pikas, E., Kurnitskic, J., Liiasc, R., & Thalfeldt, M. (2015). Quantification of economic benefits of renovation of apartment buildings as a basis for cost optimal 2030 energy efficiency strategies. Energy and Buildings, 86, 151-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.10.004
Poel, B., Cruchten, G., & Balaras, C. A. (2007). Energy performance assessment of existing dwellings. Energy and Buildings, 39, 393-403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.08.008
Premrov, M., Žigart, M., & Žegarac Leskovar, V. (2017). Influence of the building geometry on energy efficiency of timber‐glass buildings for different climatic regions. Journal of Applied Engineering Science, 15, 529-539. https://doi.org/10.5937/jaes15-15256
Premrov, M., Žigart, M., & Žegarac Leskovar, V. (2018). Influence of the building shape on the energy performance of timberglass buildings located in warm climatic regions. Energy, 149, 496-504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.02.074
Salvalai, G., Malighetti, L. M., Luchini, L., & Girola, S. (2017). Analysis of different energy conservation strategies on existing school buildings in a Pre-Alpine Region. Energy and Buildings, 145, 92-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.03.058
Semprini, G., Marinosci, C., Ferrante, A., Predari, G., Mochi, G., Garai, M., & Gulli, R. (2016). Energy management in public institutional and educational buildings: The case of the school of engineering and architecture in Bologna. Energy and Buildings, 126, 365-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.05.009
Špegelj, T., Žegarac Leskovar, V., & Premrov, M. (2016). Application of the timber-glass upgrade module for energy refurbishment of the existing energy-inefficient multi-family buildings. Energy and Buildings, 116, 362-375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.01.013
Stankevičius, V., Karbauskaitė, J., Burlingis, A., Šadauskienė, J., & Morkvėnas, R. (2014). Expanding the possibilities of building modernization: Case study of Lithuania. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 20(6), 819-828. https://doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2014.929599
Stankovic, D., Tanic, M., Kostic, A., Timotijevic, M., Jevremovic, L., Jovanovic, G., Vasov, M., & Sokolovskii, N. (2015). Revitalization of preschool buildings: A methodological approach. Procedia Engineering, 117, 723-736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.201
Stocker, E., Tschurtschenthaler, M., & Schrott, L. (2015). Cost-optimal renovation and energy performance: Evidence from existing school buildings in the Alps. Energy and Buildings, 100, 20–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.04.005
Tahsildoost, M., & Zomorodian, S. Z. (2015). Energy retrofit techniques: An experimental study of two typical school buildings in Tehran. Energy and Buildings, 104, 65-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.06.079
Tanic, M., Stankovic, D., Nikolic, V., Nikolic, M., Kostic, K., Milojkovic, A., Spasic, S., & Vatin, N. (2015). Reducing energy consumption by optimizing thermal losses and measures of energy recovery in preschools. Procedia Engineering, 117, 919-932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.179
Yun, H., Nam, I., Kim, J., Yang, J., Lee, K., & Sohn, J. (2014). A field study of thermal comfort for kindergarten children in Korea: An assessment of existing models and preferences of children. Building and Environment, 75, 182-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.02.003
Žegarac Leskovar, V., & Premrov, M. (2011). An approach in architectural design of energy-efficient timber buildings with a focus on the optimal glazing size in the south-oriented façade. Energy and Buildings, 43, 3410-3418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.09.003
Žegarac Leskovar, V., & Premrov, M. (2013). Energy-efficient timber-glass houses. Springer Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5511-9
Žegarac Leskovar, V., Premrov, M., & Kitek Kuzman, M. (2012). Energy-efficient renovation principles for prefabricated timber-frame residential buildings. Drvna industrija, 63(3), 159-168. https://doi.org/10.5552/drind.2012.1127
Baker, L., & Bernstein, H. (2012). The impact of school buildings on student health and performance: a call for research authors. McGraw-Hill Research Foundation, Center for Green Schools. U.S. Green Building Council. Retrieved from http://www.centerforgreenschools.org/impact-school-buildings-student-health-and-performance
Becchio, C., Ferrando, D. G., Fregonara, E., Milani, N., Quercia, C., & Serra, V. (2016). The cost-optimal methodology for the energy retrofit of an ex-industrial building located in Northern Italy. Energy and Buildings, 127, 590-602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.05.093
Bonakdar, F., Dodoo, A., & Gustavsson, L. (2014). Cost-optimum analysis of building fabric renovation in a Swedish multistory residential building. Energy and Buildings, 84, 662-673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.09.003
Buildings Performance Institute Europe (BPIE). (2011). Europe’s buildings under the microscope. Brussels: Buildings Performance Institute.
Causone, F., Carlucci, S., Moazami, A., Cattarin, G., & Lorenzo, P. (2015). Retrofit of a kindergarten targeting zero energy balance. Energy Procedia, 78, 991-996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.039
City Municipality Maribor. (2018). City Council, materials. Retrieved from http://www.maribor.si/podrocje.aspx?id=23 (in Slovenian).
Congedo, P. M., D’Agostino, D., Baglivo, C., Tornese, G., & Zacà, I. (2016). Efficient solutions and cost-optimal analysis for existing school buildings. Energies, 9(10), 851. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9100851
Corgnati, S. P., Ansaldi, R., & Filippi, M. (2009). Thermal comfort in Italian classrooms under free running conditions during mid seasons: Assessment through objective and subjective approaches. Building and Environment, 44(4), 785-792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.05.023
Corgnati, S. P., Filippi, M., & Viazzo, S. (2007). Perception of the thermal environment in high school and university classrooms: Subjective preferences and thermal comfort. Building and Environment, 42(2), 951-959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.10.027
Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia. (2018). Portal ARSO. Retrieved from http://meteo.arso.gov.si/uploads/probase/www/climate/image/sl/by_variable/solar-radiation/mean-bright-sunshine-duration_year_81-10.png
European Commission. (2010). PPP. Energy-efficient buildings. Multi-annual roadmap and longer term strategy. Brussels: European Commission.
European Parliament, & Council of the European Union. (2002). Directive 2002/91/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2002 on the energy performance of buildings. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32002L0091
European Parliament, & Council of the European Union. (2010). Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of buildings. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1534941584761&uri=CELEX:32010L0031
Eurostat. (2010). Eurostat yearbook 2010. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-statistical-books/-/KS-CD-10-220
Feist, W. (2013). Passive house planning package PHPP, energy balance and passive house design tool for quality approved. Passive Houses and EnerPHit retrofits, Version 8.
Ivačič, A., Jashanica, K., Lešnik, M., & Stopar, A. (2014). Sustainable concepts of building design: Conceptual renovation project of kindergarten Pobrežje, unit Mojca. University of Maribor, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Maribor.
Konstantinou, T., & Knaack, U. (2013). An approach to integrate energy efficiency upgrade into refurbishment design process, applied in two case-study buildings in Northern European climate. Energy and Buildings, 59, 301-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.12.023
Kuusk, K., Kalamees, T., Link, S., Ilomets, S., & Mikola, A. (2017). Case-study analysis of concrete large-panel apartment building at pre- and post low-budget energy-renovation. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 23(1), 67-75. https://doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2014.975741
Martinaitis, V., Kazakevicius, E., & Vitkauskas, A. (2007). A twofactor method for appraising building renovation and energy efficiency improvement projects. Energy Policy, 35(1), 192-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2005.11.003
Martinaitis, V., Rogoža, A., & Bikmanien, I. (2004). Criterion to evaluate the “two-fold benefit” of the renovation of buildings and their elements. Energy and Buildings, 36(1), 3-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7788(03)00054-9
Meteotest. (2018). Meteonorm 7.1, Software.
Mijakowski, M., & Sowa, J. (2017). An attempt to improve indoor environment by installing humidity-sensitive air inlets in a naturally ventilated kindergarten building. Building and Environment, 111, 180-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.11.013
Ministry of Education, Science and Sport. (2018). List of kindergartens. Retrieved from http://www.mizs.gov.si/si/delovna_podrocja/direktorat_za_predsolsko_vzgojo_in_osnovno_sol-stvo/predsolska_vzgoja/ (in Slovenian).
Ministry of Infrastructure and Ministry of Public Administration. (2015). Long-term strategy for mobilising investments in the energy renovation of buildings (DSEPS). Retrieved from http://www.energetika-portal.si/dokumenti/strateski-razvojni-dokumenti/dolgorocna-strategija-za-spodbujanje-nalozb-energetske-prenove-stavb/ (in Slovenian).
Ministry of Infrastructure. (2018). Energy portal. Retrieved from http://www.energetika-portal.si/javne-objave/objava/?tx_t3javnirazpis_pi1%5Bshow_single%5D=937 (in Slovenian).
Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning, The Surveying and Mapping Authority of the Republic of Slovenia. (2018). Portal Prostor. Retrieved from http://www.e-prostor.gov.si/ (in Slovenian).
Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning. (2010). Technical guidelines TSG-1-004:2010 Efficient use of energy. Retrieved from http://www.mop.gov.si/si/delovna_podrocja/graditev/prirocniki_navodila_smernice/ (in Slovenian).
Niemelä, T., Kosonen, R., & Jokisalo, J. (2016). Cost-optimal energy performance renovation measures of educational buildings in cold climate. Applied Energy, 183, 1005-1020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.09.044
Norris, M., & Shiels, P. (2004). Regular national report on housing developments in European countries. Synthesis Report. Dublin: The Housing Unit.
Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia No. 20/2004, 18/2011. Rules on standards for the maintenance of apartment buildings and apartments (in Slovenian).
Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia No. 73/2010, 75/05, 33/08, 126/08, 47/10, 47/13, 74/16 in 20/17. Rules on standards and minimal technical conditions for kindergarten premises and equipment (in Slovenian).
Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia No. 95/2015, 71/2016, 23/2017. Slovenian accounting standards (in Slovenian).
Official Gazette of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia No. 35/70. Rules on technical measures and conditions for protection of buildings (in Serbo-Croatian).
Pagliano, L., Carlucci, S., Causone, F., Moazami, A., & Cattarin, G. (2016). Energy retrofit for a climate resilient child care centre. Energy and Buildings, 127, 1117-1132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.05.092
Pereira, L. D., Raimondo, D., Corgnati, S. P., & da Silva, M. G. (2014). Assessment of indoor air quality and thermal comfort in Portuguese secondary classrooms: Methodology and results. Building and Environment, 81, 69-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.06.008
Petersen, S., & Svendsen, S. (2012). Method for component-based economical optimisation for use in design of new low-energy buildings. Renewable Energy, 38(1), 173-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2011.07.019
Pikas, E., Kurnitskic, J., Liiasc, R., & Thalfeldt, M. (2015). Quantification of economic benefits of renovation of apartment buildings as a basis for cost optimal 2030 energy efficiency strategies. Energy and Buildings, 86, 151-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.10.004
Poel, B., Cruchten, G., & Balaras, C. A. (2007). Energy performance assessment of existing dwellings. Energy and Buildings, 39, 393-403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.08.008
Premrov, M., Žigart, M., & Žegarac Leskovar, V. (2017). Influence of the building geometry on energy efficiency of timber‐glass buildings for different climatic regions. Journal of Applied Engineering Science, 15, 529-539. https://doi.org/10.5937/jaes15-15256
Premrov, M., Žigart, M., & Žegarac Leskovar, V. (2018). Influence of the building shape on the energy performance of timberglass buildings located in warm climatic regions. Energy, 149, 496-504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.02.074
Salvalai, G., Malighetti, L. M., Luchini, L., & Girola, S. (2017). Analysis of different energy conservation strategies on existing school buildings in a Pre-Alpine Region. Energy and Buildings, 145, 92-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.03.058
Semprini, G., Marinosci, C., Ferrante, A., Predari, G., Mochi, G., Garai, M., & Gulli, R. (2016). Energy management in public institutional and educational buildings: The case of the school of engineering and architecture in Bologna. Energy and Buildings, 126, 365-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.05.009
Špegelj, T., Žegarac Leskovar, V., & Premrov, M. (2016). Application of the timber-glass upgrade module for energy refurbishment of the existing energy-inefficient multi-family buildings. Energy and Buildings, 116, 362-375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.01.013
Stankevičius, V., Karbauskaitė, J., Burlingis, A., Šadauskienė, J., & Morkvėnas, R. (2014). Expanding the possibilities of building modernization: Case study of Lithuania. Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, 20(6), 819-828. https://doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2014.929599
Stankovic, D., Tanic, M., Kostic, A., Timotijevic, M., Jevremovic, L., Jovanovic, G., Vasov, M., & Sokolovskii, N. (2015). Revitalization of preschool buildings: A methodological approach. Procedia Engineering, 117, 723-736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.201
Stocker, E., Tschurtschenthaler, M., & Schrott, L. (2015). Cost-optimal renovation and energy performance: Evidence from existing school buildings in the Alps. Energy and Buildings, 100, 20–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.04.005
Tahsildoost, M., & Zomorodian, S. Z. (2015). Energy retrofit techniques: An experimental study of two typical school buildings in Tehran. Energy and Buildings, 104, 65-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.06.079
Tanic, M., Stankovic, D., Nikolic, V., Nikolic, M., Kostic, K., Milojkovic, A., Spasic, S., & Vatin, N. (2015). Reducing energy consumption by optimizing thermal losses and measures of energy recovery in preschools. Procedia Engineering, 117, 919-932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.179
Yun, H., Nam, I., Kim, J., Yang, J., Lee, K., & Sohn, J. (2014). A field study of thermal comfort for kindergarten children in Korea: An assessment of existing models and preferences of children. Building and Environment, 75, 182-189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.02.003
Žegarac Leskovar, V., & Premrov, M. (2011). An approach in architectural design of energy-efficient timber buildings with a focus on the optimal glazing size in the south-oriented façade. Energy and Buildings, 43, 3410-3418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2011.09.003
Žegarac Leskovar, V., & Premrov, M. (2013). Energy-efficient timber-glass houses. Springer Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5511-9
Žegarac Leskovar, V., Premrov, M., & Kitek Kuzman, M. (2012). Energy-efficient renovation principles for prefabricated timber-frame residential buildings. Drvna industrija, 63(3), 159-168. https://doi.org/10.5552/drind.2012.1127