Share:


Does reverse causality explains the relationship between economic performance and technological diversity?

    Igam M. Moaniba Affiliation
    ; Hsin-Ning Su Affiliation
    ; Pei-Chun Lee Affiliation

Abstract

Previous studies have highlighted technological innovation as a key instrument for economic development. However, although the relationship between innovation and economic growth has been extensively explored, few studies have investigated the impacts of crucial dimensions of innovation on economic growth. This paper presents one of the first empirical attempts to analyze how the “diversity” aspect of technological progress (or innovation) influences economic performance by considering the possible bidirectional causal effects between these two factors. A series of econometric techniques, including a two-stage-least-squares instrumental variable and dynamic autoregressive distributed lag model, are applied on a dataset of 55 countries. The dataset includes patent data from the United States Patent and Trademark Office and combined macroeconomic data from the World Bank’s development indicators and International Monetary Fund’s economic outlook databases. The results show that generally, technological diversity does not directly affect economic growth. By contrast, a negative effect of diversity on GDP per capita is observed in non-high-income countries. This study contributes to the macroeconomics and innovation management literature by providing an integrated empirical application of various popular firm management theories and a well-known endogenous economic growth theory. 

Keyword : technological diversity, economic performance, patent, reverse causality

How to Cite
Moaniba, I. M., Su, H.-N., & Lee, P.-C. (2018). Does reverse causality explains the relationship between economic performance and technological diversity?. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 24(3), 859-892. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2018.1429
Published in Issue
May 17, 2018
Abstract Views
1842
PDF Downloads
2733
Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

References

Abrigo, M. R., & Love, I. (2016). Estimation of panel vector autoregression in Stata. Stata Journal, 16(3), 778-804.

Akaike, H. (1969). Fitting autoregressive models for prediction. Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics, 21(1), 243-247. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02532251

Al-mulali, U. (2014). Investigating the impact of nuclear energy consumption on GDP growth and CO2 emission: A panel data analysis. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 73, 172-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2014.02.002

Anaman, K. A. (2004). Determinants of economic growth in Brunei Darussalam. Journal of Asian Economics, 15(4), 777-796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2004.05.019

Andrews, D., Criscuolo, C., & Gal, P. (2015). Frontier firms, technology diffusion and public policy: micro evidence from OECD countries. OECD Publishing.

Archibugi, D., & Pianta, M. (1992a). Specialization and size of technological activities in industrial countries: The analysis of patent data. Research Policy, 21(1), 79-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-7333(92)90028-3

Archibugi, D., & Pianta, M. (1992b). The technological specialization of advanced countries: A report to the EEC on international science and technology activities. Springer Science & Business Media.

Attaran, M. (1986). Industrial diversity and economic performance in U.S. areas. The Annals of Regional Science, 20(2), 44-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01287240

Barata, J. M., & Fontainha, E. (2017). Determinants of innovation in European construction firms. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 23(6), 915-936. https://doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2016.1212437

Barro, R. J. (1991). Economic growth in a cross section of countries. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 106(2), 407-443. https://doi.org/10.2307/2937943

Barro, R. J. (1996). Determinants of economic growth: a cross-country empirical study. National Bureau of Economic Research.

Bertoni, F., Colombo, M. G., & Grilli, L. (2011). Venture capital financing and the growth of high-tech start-ups: Disentangling treatment from selection effects. Research Policy, 40(7), 1028-1043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2011.03.008

Beyzatlar, M. A., Karacal, M., & Yetkiner, H. (2014). Granger-causality between transportation and GDP: A panel data approach. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 63, 43-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2014.03.001

Blundell, R., & Bond, S. (1998). Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models. Journal of Econometrics, 87(1), 115-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(98)00009-8

Boopen, S. (2006). Transport infrastructure and economic growth: evidence from Africa using dynamic panel estimates. The Empirical Economics Letters, 5(1), 37-52.

Breschi, S., Lissoni, F., & Malerba, F. (2003). Knowledge-relatedness in firm technological diversification. Research Policy, 32(1), 69-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(02)00004-5

Cantwell, J., & Piscitello, L. (2000). Accumulating technological competence: its changing impact on corporate diversification and internationalization. Industrial and Corporate Change, 9(1), 21-51. https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/9.1.21

Cantwell, J., & Vertova, G. (2004). Historical evolution of technological diversification. Research Policy, 33(3), 511-529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2003.10.003

Chang, T., Gatwabuyege, F., Gupta, R., Inglesi-Lotz, R., Manjezi, N. C., & Simo-Kengne, B. D. (2014). Causal relationship between nuclear energy consumption and economic growth in G6 countries: Evidence from panel Granger causality tests. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 77, 187-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2014.07.006

Chen, B., & Feng, Y. (2000). Determinants of economic growth in China: Private enterprise, education, and openness. China Economic Review, 11(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1043-951X(99)00014-0

Chen, J.-R., Chu, Y.-P., Ou, Y.-P., & Yang, C.-H. (2015). R&D specialization and manufacturing productivity growth: A cross-country study. Japan and the World Economy, 34-35, 33-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japwor.2015.03.002

Chen, Y.-M., Yang, D.-H., & Lin, F.-J. (2013). Does technological diversification matter to firm performance? The moderating role of organizational slack. Journal of Business Research, 66(10), 1970-1975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2013.02.020

Chiu, Y.-C., Lai, H.-C., Lee, T.-Y., & Liaw, Y.-C. (2008). Technological diversification, complementary assets, and performance. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 75(6), 875-892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2007.07.003

Chun, H., Ha, J., & Kim, J.-W. (2014). Firm heterogeneity, R&D, and economic growth. Economic Modelling, 36, 149-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.09.028

Colombo, M. G., Croce, A., & Guerini, M. (2013). The effect of public subsidies on firms’ investment-cash flow sensitivity: Transient or persistent? Research Policy, 42(9), 1605-1623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2013.07.003

Crihfield, J. B., & Panggabean, M. P. H. (1995). Is public infrastructure productive? A metropolitan perspective using new capital stock estimates. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 25(5), 607-630. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-0462(95)02087-B

Crosby, M. (2000). Patents, innovation and growth. Economic Record, 76(234), 255-262. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.2000.tb00021.x

Cuaresma, J. C., Doppelhofer, G., & Feldkircher, M. (2014). The determinants of economic growth in European regions. Regional Studies, 48(1), 44-67.

de Bruyn, S. M., van den Bergh, J. C. J. M., & Opschoor, J. B. (1998). Economic growth and emissions: reconsidering the empirical basis of environmental Kuznets curves. Ecological Economics, 25(2), 161-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(97)00178-X

Devarajan, S., Swaroop, V., & Zou, H. (1996). The composition of public expenditure and economic growth. Journal of Monetary Economics, 37(2), 313-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3932(96)90039-2

Dolado, J. J., & Lütkepohl, H. (1996). Making wald tests work for cointegrated VAR systems. Econometric Reviews, 15(4), 369-386. https://doi.org/10.1080/07474939608800362

Dosi, G., Grazzi, M., & Moschella, D. (2015). Technology and costs in international competitiveness: From countries and sectors to firms. Research Policy, 44(10), 1795-1814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2015.05.012

Dosi, G., Pavitt, K., & Soete, L. (1990). The economics of technical change and international trade. LEM Book Series.

Duffy-Deno, K. T., & Eberts, R. W. (1991). Public infrastructure and regional economic development: A simultaneous equations approach. Journal of Urban Economics, 30(3), 329-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0094-1190(91)90053-A

Duguet, E., & MacGarvie, M. (2005). How well do patent citations measure flows of technology? Evidence from French innovation surveys. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 14(5), 375-393. https://doi.org/10.1080/1043859042000307347

Easterly, W., & Rebelo, S. (1993). Fiscal policy and economic growth. Journal of Monetary Economics, 32(3), 417-458. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(93)90025-B

Eisenhardt, K. M., & Martin, J. A. (2000). Dynamic capabilities: What are they? Strategic Management Journal, 21(10/11), 1105-1121.

Eisner, R. (1991). Infrastructure and regional economic performance: comment. New England Economic Review, (Sep), 47-58.

Evangelista, R., & Vezzani, A. (2010). The economic impact of technological and organizational innovations. A firm-level analysis. Research Policy, 39(10), 1253-1263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2010.08.004

Evans, P., & Karras, G. (1996). Convergence revisited. Journal of Monetary Economics, 37(2), 249-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3932(96)90036-7

Fernald, J. G. (1999). Roads to prosperity? Assessing the link between public capital and productivity. American Economic Review, 89(3), 619-638. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.89.3.619

Florens, J. P., & Mouchart, M. (1982). A note on noncausality. Econometrica, 50(3), 583-591. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912602

Garcia-Milà, T., & McGuire, T. J. (1992). The contribution of publicly provided inputs to states’ economies. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 22(2), 229-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-0462(92)90013-Q

García-Muñiz, A. S., & Vicente, M. R. (2014). ICT technologies in Europe: A study of technological diffusion and economic growth under network theory. Telecommunications Policy, 38(4), 360-370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2013.12.003

Geroski, P. A. (2000). Models of technology diffusion. Research Policy, 29(4-5), 603-625. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00092-X

Greaney, T. M., & Karacaovali, B. (2017). Editorial: Trade, growth and economic inequality in the Asia-Pacific region. Journal of Asian Economics, 48, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2016.12.001

Grossman, G. M., & Helpman, E. (1994). Endogenous Innovation in the Theory of Growth. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 8(1), 23-44. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.8.1.23

Hannan, E. J., & Quinn, B. G. (1979). The determination of the order of an autoregression. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological), 41(2), 190-195.

Hasan, I., & Tucci, C. L. (2010). The innovation-economic growth nexus: Global evidence. Research Policy, 39(10), 1264-1276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2010.07.005

Hummels, D., & Klenow, P. J. (2005). The variety and quality of a nation’s exports. American Economic Review, 95(3), 704-723. https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828054201396

IMF, W. (2016, April). World Economic Outlook Database April 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2017, from https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/01/weodata/index.aspx

Jaffe, A. B., & Trajtenberg, M. (1999). International knowledge flows: Evidence from patent citations. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 8(1-2), 105-136. https://doi.org/10.1080/10438599900000006

Jaffe, A. B., Trajtenberg, M., & Henderson, R. (1993). Geographic localization of knowledge spillovers as evidenced by patent citations. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108(3), 577-598. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118401

Jones, B. D. (1990). Public policies and economic growth in the American States. The Journal of Politics, 52(1), 219-233. https://doi.org/10.2307/2131426

Kodama, F. (1986). Technological diversification of Japanese industry. Science, 233, 291-297.

Law, S. H., Lim, T. C., & Ismail, N. W. (2013). Institutions and economic development: A Granger causality analysis of panel data evidence. Economic Systems, 37(4), 610-624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2013.05.005

López Rodríguez, J., & García Rodríguez, R. M. (2005). Technology and export behaviour: A resource-based view approach. International Business Review, 14(5), 539-557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2005.07.002

Mancusi, M. L. (2001). Technological specialization in industrial countries: Patterns and dynamics. Review of World Economics, 137(4), 593-621. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02707425

Mangàni, A. (2007). Technological variety and the size of economies. Technovation, 27(11), 650-660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2007.04.005

Manwa, F., & Wijeweera, A. (2016). Trade liberalisation and economic growth link: The case of Southern African Custom Union countries. Economic Analysis and Policy, 51, 12-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2016.05.001

Medcof, J. W. (2000). The resource-based view and transnational technology strategy. The Journal of High Technology Management Research, 11(1), 59-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1047-8310(00)00021-3

Meelen, T., Herrmann, A. M., & Faber, J. (2017). Disentangling patterns of economic, technological and innovative specialization of Western economies: An assessment of the Varieties-of-Capitalism theory on comparative institutional advantages. Research Policy, 46(3), 667-677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2017.01.013

Miller, W. (1960). The theory of the growth of the firm. By Edith Tilton Penrose. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1959. Pp. 272. $6.00. Business History Review, 34(4), 508-509. https://doi.org/10.2307/3111440

Mofidi, A., & Stone, J. A. (1990). Do State and Local Taxes Affect Economic Growth? The Review of Economics and Statistics, 72(4), 686-691. https://doi.org/10.2307/2109611

Montgomery, C. A., & Wernerfelt, B. (1988). Diversification, Ricardian Rents, and Tobin’s q. The RAND Journal of Economics, 19(4), 623-632. https://doi.org/10.2307/2555461

Moomaw, R. L., Mullen, J. K., & Williams, M. (1995). The interregional impact of infrastructure capital. Southern Economic Journal, 61(3), 830-845. https://doi.org/10.2307/1061001

Mowery, D. C., & Nelson, R. R. (1999). Explaining industrial leadership. Sources of Industrial Leadership: Studies of Seven Industries, 359-382.

Mugableh, M. I. (2013). Analysing the CO2 emissions function in Malaysia: autoregressive distributed lag approach. Procedia Economics and Finance, 5, 571-580. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(13)00067-1

Murmann, J. P. (2003). Knowledge and competitive advantage: The coevolution of firms, technology, and national institutions. Cambridge University Press.

Murshed, S. M., & Serino, L. A. (2011). The pattern of specialization and economic growth: The resource curse hypothesis revisited. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 22(2), 151-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2010.12.004

Mustafa, G., Rizov, M., & Kernohan, D. (2017). Growth, human development, and trade: The Asian experience. Economic Modelling, 61, 93-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2016.12.007

Narayan, P. K., & Narayan, S. (2010). Carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth: Panel data evidence from developing countries. Energy Policy, 38(1), 661-666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.09.005

Nelson, R. R. (1994). Economic growth via the coevolution of technology and institutions. Evolutionary Economics and Chaos Theory: New Directions in Technology Studies, 21-32.

Onishi, K. (2013). The effects of compensation plans for employee inventions on R&D productivity: New evidence from Japanese panel data. Research Policy, 42(2), 367-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2012.09.001

Pavitt, K., Robson, M., & Townsend, J. (1989). Technological accumulation, diversification and organisation in UK companies, 1945-1983. Management Science, 35(1), 81-99. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.35.1.81

Penrose, E. T. (1995). The Theory of the growth of the firm. Oxford University Press, USA.

Persson, T., & Tabellini, G. (1992). Growth, distribution and politics. European Economic Review, 36(2), 593-602. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(92)90117-F

Pianta, M., & Meliciani, V. (1996). Technological specialization and economic performance in oecd countries. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 8(2), 157-174. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537329608524241

Piscitello, L. (2000). Relatedness and coherence in technological and product diversification of the world’s largest firms. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 11(3), 295-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0954-349X(00)00019-9

Qayum, A. (2005). Endogenicity of economic growth models. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 72(1), 75-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(02)00318-9

Quah, D. T. (1996). Empirics for economic growth and convergence. European Economic Review, 40(6),
1353-1375. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(95)00051-8

Rehner, J., Baeza, S. A., & Barton, J. R. (2014). Chile’s resource-based export boom and its outcomes: Regional specialization, export stability and economic growth. Geoforum, 56, 35-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2014.06.007

Río, P. del, Romero-Jordán, D., & Peñasco, C. (2017). Analysing firm-specific and type-specific determinants of eco-innovation. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 23(2), 270-295. https://doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2015.1072749

Rissanen, J. (1978). Modeling by shortest data description. Automatica, 14(5), 465-471. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-1098(78)90005-5

Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of Political Economy, 94(5), 1002-1037. https://doi.org/10.1086/261420

Romer, P. M. (1990). Endogenous technological change. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5, Part 2), S71-S102. https://doi.org/10.1086/261725

Romer, P. M. (1994). The Origins of Endogenous Growth. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 8(1), 3-22.

Roodman, D. (2009). How to do xtabond2: An introduction to difference and system GMM in Stata. Stata Journal, 9(1), 86-136.

Rumelt, D. (1984). Towards a strategic theory of the firm; alternative theories of the firm, 2002,(2) pp. 286-300. Elgar Reference Collection, International Library of Critical Writings in Economics, 154. Cheltenham, U.K. and Northampton, Mass.: Elgar.

Schaffer, M. E. (2015). xtivreg2: Stata module to perform extended IV/2SLS, GMM and AC/HAC, LIML and k-class regression for panel data models. Statistical Software Components.

Schmoch, U. (2008). Concept of a technology classification for country comparisons (Report to WIPO). Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research, Karlsruhe, Germany.

Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). The theory of economic development: An inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest, and the business cycle (Vol. 55). Transaction publishers.

Schumpeter, J. A. (2013). Capitalism, socialism and democracy. Routledge.

Schwarz, G. (1978). Estimating the dimension of a model. The Annals of Statistics, 6(2), 461-464. https://doi.org/10.1214/aos/1176344136

Siddiqui, D. A., & Ahmed, Q. M. (2013). The effect of institutions on economic growth: A global analysis based on GMM dynamic panel estimation. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 24, 18-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2012.12.001

Silberberger, M., & Königer, J. (2016). Regulation, trade and economic growth. Economic Systems, 40(2), 308-322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2016.05.001

Sims, C. A. (1980). Macroeconomics and Reality. Econometrica, 48(1), 1-48. https://doi.org/10.2307/1912017

Singletary, L., Henry, M., Brooks, K., & London, J. (1995). The impact of highway investment on new manufacturing employment in South Carolina: A small region spatial analysis. The Review of Regional Studies, 25(1), 37.

Šipilova, V. (2015). When regional growth does not benefit from high-tech specialization? Explaining the experience of Latvian regions. Procedia Economics and Finance, 30, 863-875. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)01336-2

Škare, M. (2011). How important is human capital for growth in reforming economies? Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 17(4), 667-687. https://doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2011.635221

Snieska, V., & Valodkiene, G. (2015). Impact of innovations upon economic growth during recession. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 21(4), 626-642. https://doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2015.1055615

Soete, L. (1987). The impact of technological innovation on international trade patterns: The evidence reconsidered. Research Policy, 16(2), 101-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-7333(87)90026-6

Sokolov-Mladenović, S., Milovančević, M., & Mladenović, I. (2017). Evaluation of trade influence on economic growth rate by computational intelligence approach. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications, 465, 358-362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2016.08.031

Solow, R. M. (1956). A contribution to the theory of economic growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), 65-94. https://doi.org/10.2307/1884513

Steinemann, P., Veloso, F., & Wolter, C. (2004). Technological diversification and economic performance: A within industry perspective. Department of Engineering and Public Policy. Retrieved from http://repository.cmu.edu/epp/131

Su, H.-N., & Moaniba, I. M. (2017a). Does innovation respond to climate change? Empirical evidence from patents and greenhouse gas emissions. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2017.04.017

Su, H.-N., & Moaniba, I. M. (2017b). Investigating the dynamics of interdisciplinary evolution in technology developments. Technological Forecasting and Social Change. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2017.04.024

Swan, T. W. (1956). Economic growth and capital accumulation. Economic Record, 32(2), 334-361. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.1956.tb00434.x

Toda, H. Y., & Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66(1), 225-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01616-8

Trajtenberg, M., Henderson, R., & Jaffe, A. (1997). University versus corporate patents: a window on the basicness of invention. Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 5(1), 19-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/10438599700000006

Tucker, M. (1995). Carbon dioxide emissions and global GDP. Ecological Economics, 15(3), 215-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-8009(95)00045-3

Van Looy, B., Du Plessis, M., & Magerman, T. (2006). Data production methods for hamonized patent statistics: Patentee sector allocation. Retrieved from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=944464

Vedia-Jerez, D. H., & Chasco, C. (2016). Long-run determinants of economic growth in South America. Journal of Applied Economics, 19(1), 169-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1514-0326(16)30007-1

Wang, Y., Pan, X., Li, J., & Ning, L. (2016). Does technological diversification matter for regional innovation capability? Evidence from China. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 28(3), 323-334. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2015.1095288

Wernerfelt, B. (1984). A resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 5(2), 171-180. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250050207

Wooldridge, J. M. (2015). Introductory econometrics: A modern approach. Nelson Education.

World Development Indicators. (2017, April). World Development Indicators | Data. Retrieved from http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators

Zander, I. (1997). Technological diversification in the multinational corporation – historical evolution and future prospects. Research Policy, 26(2), 209-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(97)00012-7

Zeng, S., Xie, X., & Tam, C. (2010). Evaluating innovation capabilities for science parks: A system model. Ukio Technologinis ir Ekonominis Vystymas, 16(3), 397-413. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2010.25

Zhou, J., Yang, L., Xu, Y., & Liu, C. (2007). The economic performance of transportation infrastructure: an empirical study on the recent development of China. World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education, 6(1), 193.