Digital economy and carbon emissions: spatial spillover effect and industrial structure mediation effect in China
Abstract
The relationship between the digital economy and carbon emissions has emerged as a critical issue in the pursuit of the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. This study examines the spatial spillover effects and the mediating role of industrial structure in this relationship using panel data from 285 prefecture-level cities in China between 2011 and 2022. Employing the Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) to capture spatial effects, stepwise regression and bootstrap tests for mediating effects, and the System Generalised Method of Moments (SYSGMM) to address endogeneity, the study reveals several key findings. First, the digital economy significantly increases carbon emissions with substantial spillover effects across regions. Second, carbon emissions exhibit both temporal and spatial dependence, influenced by time and location, with emissions in neighboring areas having a significant impact, leading to a “snowball” effect. Third, the digital economy indirectly elevates carbon emissions by optimizing industrial structures. These findings underscore the need for comprehensive strategies to manage carbon emissions effectively during economic transformation, aiming towards an environmentally sustainable economy.
First publihed online 02 April 2025
Keyword : digital economy, carbon emission, mediating effect of industrial structure, spatial spillover effect
How to Cite
Chen, Y., & Liu, J. (2025). Digital economy and carbon emissions: spatial spillover effect and industrial structure mediation effect in China. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2025.22955
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Amoah, J., Jibril, A. B., Odei, M. A., Egala, S. B., Dziwornu, R., & Kwarteng, K. (2023). Deficit of digital orientation among service-based firms in an emerging economy: A resource-based view. Cogent Business & Management, 10(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2022.2152891
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
Chen, C., Ye, F., Xiao, H., Xie, W., Liu, B., & Wang, L. Q. (2023). The digital economy, spatial spillovers and forestry green total factor productivity. Journal of Cleaner Production, 405, Article 136890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136890
Cheng, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., & Jiang, J. (2023). The impact of the urban digital economy on China’s carbon intensity: Spatial spillover and mediating effect. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 189, Article 106762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106762
China National Intellectual Property Administration. (2022). China intellectual property statistical yearbook 2022. https://english.cnipa.gov.cn/jianbao/year2022/indexy.html
Cui, X., Umair, M., Gayratovich, G. I., & Dilanchiev, A. (2023). Do remittances mitigate poverty? An empirical evidence from 15 selected Asian economies. The Singapore Economic Review, 68(4), 1447–1468. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217590823440034
Dietz, T., & Rosa, E. A. (1997). Effects of population and affluence on CO₂ emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 94(1), 175–179. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.1.175
Dilanchiev, A., Umair, M., & Haroon, M. (2024). How causality impacts the renewable energy, carbon emissions, and economic growth nexus in the South Caucasus countries? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31, 33069–33085. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33430-7
Ding, C., Liu, C., Zheng, C., & Li, F. (2022). Digital economy, technological innovation and high-quality economic development: Based on spatial effect and mediation effect. Sustainability, 14(1), Article 216. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010216
EPS China Data. (2010–2023). Comprehensive statistical and census data platform. Retrieved January 14, 2025, from https://www.epschinadata.com/
Erwansyah, E. (2023). Digital-based consumer behavior in support green economy. Journal of Community Research and Service, 7(1), 119–123. https://doi.org/10.24114/jcrs.v7i1.43316
He, Y., Li, K., & Wang, Y. (2022). Crossing the digital divide: The impact of the digital economy on elderly individuals’ consumption upgrade in China. Technology in Society, 71, Article 102141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.102141
Huang, W., Chau, K. Y., Kit, I. Y., Nureen, N., Irfan, M., & Dilanchiev, A. (2022). Relating sustainable business development practices and information management in promoting digital green innovation: Evidence from China. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 930138. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.930138
Institute of Digital Finance Peking University. (2021). Peking University Digital Financial Inclusion Index (2011–2020). Research Group of the Institute of Digital Finance. https://idf.pku.edu.cn/docs/20210421101507614920.pdf
Jiang, B., Ding, L., Fang, X., Zhang, Q., & Hua, Y. (2023). Driving impact and spatial effect of the digital economy development on carbon emissions in typical cities: A case study of Zhejiang, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(48), 106390–106407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29855-1
Kochergin, D. (2021). Central banks digital currencies: World experience. World Economy and International Relations, 65(5), 68–77. https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-5-68-77
Li, X., Liu, J., & Ni, P. (2021a). The impact of the digital economy on CO2 emissions: A theoretical and empirical analysis. Sustainability, 13(13), Article 7267. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137267
Li, Y., Yang, X., Ran, Q., Wu, H., Irfan, M., & Ahmad, M. (2021b). Energy structure, digital economy, and carbon emissions: Evidence from China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 64606–64629. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15304-4
Li, C. Z., & Umair, M. (2023a). Does green finance development goals affects renewable energy in China. Renewable Energy, 203, 898–905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.12.066
Li, Y., & Umair, M. (2023b). The protective nature of gold during times of oil price volatility: An analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Extractive Industries and Society, 15, Article 101284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2023.101284
Li, H., Chen, C., & Umair, M. (2023a). Green finance, enterprise energy efficiency, and green total factor productivity: Evidence from China. Sustainability, 15(14), Article 11065. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151411065
Li, X., Wang, H., & Yang, C. (2023b). Driving mechanism of digital economy based on regulation algorithm for development of low-carbon industries. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 55, Article 102909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2022.102909
Litvinenko, V. S. (2020). Digital economy as a factor in the technological development of the mineral sector. Natural Resources Research, 29(3), 1521–1541. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-019-09568-4
Liu, Y., & Chen, L. (2022). The impact of digital finance on green innovation: Resource effect and information effect. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(57), 86771–86795. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21802-w
Liu, Y., Yang, Y., Li, H., & Zhong, K. (2022). Digital economy development, industrial structure upgrading and green total factor productivity: Empirical evidence from China’s cities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(4), Article 2414. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042414
Liu, F., Umair, M., & Gao, J. (2023a). Assessing oil price volatility co-movement with stock market volatility through quantile regression approach. Resources Policy, 81, Article 103375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103375
Liu, Y., Jin, D., Liu, Y., & Wan, Q. (2023b). Digital finance, corporate financialization and enterprise operating performance: An empirical research based on Chinese a-share non-financial enterprises. Electronic Commerce Research, 23(1), 231–256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10660-022-09606-z (Retraction published 2024), Electronic Commerce Research, 24 (Suppl 1), 25).
Ma, Q., Tariq, M., Mahmood, H., & Khan, Z. (2022a). The nexus between digital economy and carbon dioxide emissions in China: The moderating role of investments in research and development. Technology in Society, 68, Article 101910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.101910
Ma, X., Zhang, Y., Wang, Z., & Li, J. (2022b). The impact of digital technology on energy consumption and carbon emissions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Cleaner Production, 345, Article 131020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131020
Martynenko, T. S., & Vershinina, I. A. (2018). Digital economy: The possibility of sustainable development and overcoming social and environmental inequality in Russia. Revista Espacios, 39(44), 1–8. https://www.revistaespacios.com/a18v39n44/18394412.html
Miller, P., & Wilsdon, J. (2001). Digital futures – An agenda for a sustainable digital economy. Corporate Environmental Strategy, 8(3), 275–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1066-7938(01)00116-6
Mohsin, M., Dilanchiev, A., & Umair, M. (2023). The impact of green climate fund portfolio structure on green finance: Empirical evidence from EU countries. Ekonomika, 102(2), 130–144. https://doi.org/10.15388/Ekon.2023.102.2.7
Murshed, M. (2020). An empirical analysis of the non-linear impacts of ICT-trade openness on renewable energy transition, energy efficiency, clean cooking fuel access and environmental sustainability in South Asia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(29), 36254–36281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09497-3
National Bureau of Statistics of China. (2024a). China statistical yearbook (2024). China Statistics Press. https://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/ndsj/2024/indexeh.htm
National Bureau of Statistics of China. (2024b). China energy statistical yearbook (2024). China Statistics Press.
National Bureau of Statistics of China. (2024c). Provincial statistical yearbook (2024). China Statistics Press.
National Bureau of Statistics of China. (2024d). Communiqué on the Fifth National Economic Census (2024, December 26, No. 4). https://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202412/t20241226_1957899.html
Scherbakov, V., & Silkina, G. (2019). Conceptual model of logistics vocational education in the digital economy. Proceedings of the International Conference on Digital Technologies in Logistics and Infrastructure (ICDTLI 2019), 120–125. Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/icdtli-19.2019.24
Shi, H., & Umair, M. (2024). Balancing agricultural production and environmental sustainability: Based on economic analysis from North China plain. Environmental Research, 252, Article 118784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2024.118784
Skare, M., de las Mercedes de Obesso, M., & Ribeiro-Navarrete, S. (2023). Digital transformation and European small and medium enterprises (SMEs): A comparative study using digital economy and society index data. International Journal of Information Management, 68, Article 102594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2022.102594
Umair, M., & Dilanchiev, A. (2022, May 20–22). Economic recovery by developing business starategies: Mediating role of financing and organizational culture in small and medium businesses. In Proceedings of 4th International CEO Communication, Economics, Organization & Social Sciences Congress (pp. 683–701). Udaipur, India.
United Nations Climate Change. (2021, October–November). Glasgow Climate Change Conference (COP26). https://unfccc.int/cop26
Wang, L., Chen, Y., Ramsey, T. S., & Hewings, G. J. D. (2021). Will researching digital technology really empower green development? Technology in Society, 66, Article 101638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101638
Wang, J., Dong, K., Dong, X., & Taghizadeh-Hesary, F. (2022). Assessing the digital economy and its carbon-mitigation effects: The case of China. Energy Economics, 113, Article 106198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2022.106198
Wang, X., & Li, J. (2023). Heterogeneous effect of digital economy on carbon emission reduction. Journal of Cleaner Production, 429, Article 139560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139560
Wang, Q., Hu, S., & Li, R. (2024). Could information and communication technology (ICT) reduce carbon emissions? The role of trade openness and financial development. Telecommunications Policy, 48(3), Article 102699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2023.102699
Wu, Q., Yan, D., & Umair, M. (2023). Assessing the role of competitive intelligence and practices of dynamic capabilities in business accommodation of SMEs. Economic Analysis and Policy, 77, 1103–1114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2022.11.024
Xiao, H., & Liu, J. (2022). The impact of digital economy development on local fiscal revenue efficiency. Economic Analysis Letters, 1(2), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.58567/eal01020001
Xie, X., Zheng, W., & Umair, M. (2022). Testing the fluctuations of oil resource price volatility: A hurdle for economic recovery. Resources Policy, 79, Article 102982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102982
Xing, Z., Huang, J., & Wang, J. (2023). Unleashing the potential: Exploring the nexus between low-carbon digital economy and regional economic-social development in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 413, Article 137552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137552
Xinxin, C., Umair, M., Rahman, S., & Alraey, Y. (2024). The potential impact of digital economy on energy poverty in the context of Chinese provinces. Heliyon, 10(9), Article e30140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30140
Xin, Y., Song, H., Shen, Z., & Wang, J. (2023). Measurement of the integration level between the digital economy and industry and its impact on energy consumption. Energy Economics, 126, Article 106988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2023.106988
Xu, Q., Zhong, M., & Cao, M. (2022). Does digital investment affect carbon efficiency? Spatial effect and mechanism discussion. Science of the Total Environment, 827, Article 154321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154321
Xue, Y., Tang, C., Wu, H., Liu, J., & Hao, Y. (2022). The emerging driving force of energy consumption in China: Does digital economy development matter? Energy Policy, 165, Article 112997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.112997
Xiuzhen, L., Wang, H., & Chen, Y. (2022). Spatial spillover effects of carbon emissions and their impact on regional green development. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(5), 6789–6803. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19045-7
Yang, Z., Gao, W., Han, Q., Qi, L., Cui, Y., & Chen, Y. (2022). Digitalization and carbon emissions: How does digital city construction affect China’s carbon emission reduction? Sustainable Cities and Society, 87, Article 104201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.104201
Yi, F., Sun, H., & Zhou, Y. (2022). Digital inclusive finance, consumption structure upgrading and carbon emissions. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, Article 1282784. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2023.1282784
Yiming, W., Xun, L., Umair, M., & Aizhan, A. (2024). COVID-19 and the transformation of emerging economies: Financialization, green bonds, and stock market volatility. Resources Policy, 92, Article 104963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.104963
Yuan, H., Zhao, L., & Umair, M. (2023). Crude oil security in a turbulent world: China’s geopolitical dilemmas and opportunities. Extractive Industries and Society, 16, Article 101334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2023.101334
Yu, M., Umair, M., Oskenbayev, Y., & Karabayeva, Z. (2023). Exploring the nexus between monetary uncertainty and volatility in global crude oil: A contemporary approach of regime-switching. Resources Policy, 85, Article 103886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103886
Zhang, W., Liu, X., Wang, D., & Zhou, J. (2022). Digital economy and carbon emission performance: Evidence at China’s city level. Energy Policy, 165, Article 112927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.112927
Zhang, Y., & Umair, M. (2023). Examining the interconnectedness of green finance: An analysis of dynamic spillover effects among green bonds, renewable energy, and carbon markets. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 77605–77621. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27870-w
Zheng, M., & Wong, C. Y. (2024). The impact of digital economy on renewable energy development in China. Innovation and Green Development, 3(1), Article 100094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.igd.2023.100094
Zhu, W., & Chen, J. (2022). The spatial analysis of digital economy and urban development: A case study in Hangzhou, China. Cities, 123, Article 103563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103563
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
Chen, C., Ye, F., Xiao, H., Xie, W., Liu, B., & Wang, L. Q. (2023). The digital economy, spatial spillovers and forestry green total factor productivity. Journal of Cleaner Production, 405, Article 136890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136890
Cheng, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., & Jiang, J. (2023). The impact of the urban digital economy on China’s carbon intensity: Spatial spillover and mediating effect. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 189, Article 106762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106762
China National Intellectual Property Administration. (2022). China intellectual property statistical yearbook 2022. https://english.cnipa.gov.cn/jianbao/year2022/indexy.html
Cui, X., Umair, M., Gayratovich, G. I., & Dilanchiev, A. (2023). Do remittances mitigate poverty? An empirical evidence from 15 selected Asian economies. The Singapore Economic Review, 68(4), 1447–1468. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217590823440034
Dietz, T., & Rosa, E. A. (1997). Effects of population and affluence on CO₂ emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 94(1), 175–179. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.1.175
Dilanchiev, A., Umair, M., & Haroon, M. (2024). How causality impacts the renewable energy, carbon emissions, and economic growth nexus in the South Caucasus countries? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31, 33069–33085. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33430-7
Ding, C., Liu, C., Zheng, C., & Li, F. (2022). Digital economy, technological innovation and high-quality economic development: Based on spatial effect and mediation effect. Sustainability, 14(1), Article 216. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010216
EPS China Data. (2010–2023). Comprehensive statistical and census data platform. Retrieved January 14, 2025, from https://www.epschinadata.com/
Erwansyah, E. (2023). Digital-based consumer behavior in support green economy. Journal of Community Research and Service, 7(1), 119–123. https://doi.org/10.24114/jcrs.v7i1.43316
He, Y., Li, K., & Wang, Y. (2022). Crossing the digital divide: The impact of the digital economy on elderly individuals’ consumption upgrade in China. Technology in Society, 71, Article 102141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.102141
Huang, W., Chau, K. Y., Kit, I. Y., Nureen, N., Irfan, M., & Dilanchiev, A. (2022). Relating sustainable business development practices and information management in promoting digital green innovation: Evidence from China. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 930138. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.930138
Institute of Digital Finance Peking University. (2021). Peking University Digital Financial Inclusion Index (2011–2020). Research Group of the Institute of Digital Finance. https://idf.pku.edu.cn/docs/20210421101507614920.pdf
Jiang, B., Ding, L., Fang, X., Zhang, Q., & Hua, Y. (2023). Driving impact and spatial effect of the digital economy development on carbon emissions in typical cities: A case study of Zhejiang, China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(48), 106390–106407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29855-1
Kochergin, D. (2021). Central banks digital currencies: World experience. World Economy and International Relations, 65(5), 68–77. https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-5-68-77
Li, X., Liu, J., & Ni, P. (2021a). The impact of the digital economy on CO2 emissions: A theoretical and empirical analysis. Sustainability, 13(13), Article 7267. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137267
Li, Y., Yang, X., Ran, Q., Wu, H., Irfan, M., & Ahmad, M. (2021b). Energy structure, digital economy, and carbon emissions: Evidence from China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 64606–64629. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15304-4
Li, C. Z., & Umair, M. (2023a). Does green finance development goals affects renewable energy in China. Renewable Energy, 203, 898–905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.12.066
Li, Y., & Umair, M. (2023b). The protective nature of gold during times of oil price volatility: An analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Extractive Industries and Society, 15, Article 101284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2023.101284
Li, H., Chen, C., & Umair, M. (2023a). Green finance, enterprise energy efficiency, and green total factor productivity: Evidence from China. Sustainability, 15(14), Article 11065. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151411065
Li, X., Wang, H., & Yang, C. (2023b). Driving mechanism of digital economy based on regulation algorithm for development of low-carbon industries. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 55, Article 102909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2022.102909
Litvinenko, V. S. (2020). Digital economy as a factor in the technological development of the mineral sector. Natural Resources Research, 29(3), 1521–1541. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-019-09568-4
Liu, Y., & Chen, L. (2022). The impact of digital finance on green innovation: Resource effect and information effect. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(57), 86771–86795. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21802-w
Liu, Y., Yang, Y., Li, H., & Zhong, K. (2022). Digital economy development, industrial structure upgrading and green total factor productivity: Empirical evidence from China’s cities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(4), Article 2414. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042414
Liu, F., Umair, M., & Gao, J. (2023a). Assessing oil price volatility co-movement with stock market volatility through quantile regression approach. Resources Policy, 81, Article 103375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103375
Liu, Y., Jin, D., Liu, Y., & Wan, Q. (2023b). Digital finance, corporate financialization and enterprise operating performance: An empirical research based on Chinese a-share non-financial enterprises. Electronic Commerce Research, 23(1), 231–256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10660-022-09606-z (Retraction published 2024), Electronic Commerce Research, 24 (Suppl 1), 25).
Ma, Q., Tariq, M., Mahmood, H., & Khan, Z. (2022a). The nexus between digital economy and carbon dioxide emissions in China: The moderating role of investments in research and development. Technology in Society, 68, Article 101910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2022.101910
Ma, X., Zhang, Y., Wang, Z., & Li, J. (2022b). The impact of digital technology on energy consumption and carbon emissions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Cleaner Production, 345, Article 131020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131020
Martynenko, T. S., & Vershinina, I. A. (2018). Digital economy: The possibility of sustainable development and overcoming social and environmental inequality in Russia. Revista Espacios, 39(44), 1–8. https://www.revistaespacios.com/a18v39n44/18394412.html
Miller, P., & Wilsdon, J. (2001). Digital futures – An agenda for a sustainable digital economy. Corporate Environmental Strategy, 8(3), 275–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1066-7938(01)00116-6
Mohsin, M., Dilanchiev, A., & Umair, M. (2023). The impact of green climate fund portfolio structure on green finance: Empirical evidence from EU countries. Ekonomika, 102(2), 130–144. https://doi.org/10.15388/Ekon.2023.102.2.7
Murshed, M. (2020). An empirical analysis of the non-linear impacts of ICT-trade openness on renewable energy transition, energy efficiency, clean cooking fuel access and environmental sustainability in South Asia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(29), 36254–36281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09497-3
National Bureau of Statistics of China. (2024a). China statistical yearbook (2024). China Statistics Press. https://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/ndsj/2024/indexeh.htm
National Bureau of Statistics of China. (2024b). China energy statistical yearbook (2024). China Statistics Press.
National Bureau of Statistics of China. (2024c). Provincial statistical yearbook (2024). China Statistics Press.
National Bureau of Statistics of China. (2024d). Communiqué on the Fifth National Economic Census (2024, December 26, No. 4). https://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202412/t20241226_1957899.html
Scherbakov, V., & Silkina, G. (2019). Conceptual model of logistics vocational education in the digital economy. Proceedings of the International Conference on Digital Technologies in Logistics and Infrastructure (ICDTLI 2019), 120–125. Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/icdtli-19.2019.24
Shi, H., & Umair, M. (2024). Balancing agricultural production and environmental sustainability: Based on economic analysis from North China plain. Environmental Research, 252, Article 118784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2024.118784
Skare, M., de las Mercedes de Obesso, M., & Ribeiro-Navarrete, S. (2023). Digital transformation and European small and medium enterprises (SMEs): A comparative study using digital economy and society index data. International Journal of Information Management, 68, Article 102594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2022.102594
Umair, M., & Dilanchiev, A. (2022, May 20–22). Economic recovery by developing business starategies: Mediating role of financing and organizational culture in small and medium businesses. In Proceedings of 4th International CEO Communication, Economics, Organization & Social Sciences Congress (pp. 683–701). Udaipur, India.
United Nations Climate Change. (2021, October–November). Glasgow Climate Change Conference (COP26). https://unfccc.int/cop26
Wang, L., Chen, Y., Ramsey, T. S., & Hewings, G. J. D. (2021). Will researching digital technology really empower green development? Technology in Society, 66, Article 101638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101638
Wang, J., Dong, K., Dong, X., & Taghizadeh-Hesary, F. (2022). Assessing the digital economy and its carbon-mitigation effects: The case of China. Energy Economics, 113, Article 106198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2022.106198
Wang, X., & Li, J. (2023). Heterogeneous effect of digital economy on carbon emission reduction. Journal of Cleaner Production, 429, Article 139560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139560
Wang, Q., Hu, S., & Li, R. (2024). Could information and communication technology (ICT) reduce carbon emissions? The role of trade openness and financial development. Telecommunications Policy, 48(3), Article 102699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2023.102699
Wu, Q., Yan, D., & Umair, M. (2023). Assessing the role of competitive intelligence and practices of dynamic capabilities in business accommodation of SMEs. Economic Analysis and Policy, 77, 1103–1114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2022.11.024
Xiao, H., & Liu, J. (2022). The impact of digital economy development on local fiscal revenue efficiency. Economic Analysis Letters, 1(2), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.58567/eal01020001
Xie, X., Zheng, W., & Umair, M. (2022). Testing the fluctuations of oil resource price volatility: A hurdle for economic recovery. Resources Policy, 79, Article 102982. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102982
Xing, Z., Huang, J., & Wang, J. (2023). Unleashing the potential: Exploring the nexus between low-carbon digital economy and regional economic-social development in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 413, Article 137552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137552
Xinxin, C., Umair, M., Rahman, S., & Alraey, Y. (2024). The potential impact of digital economy on energy poverty in the context of Chinese provinces. Heliyon, 10(9), Article e30140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30140
Xin, Y., Song, H., Shen, Z., & Wang, J. (2023). Measurement of the integration level between the digital economy and industry and its impact on energy consumption. Energy Economics, 126, Article 106988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2023.106988
Xu, Q., Zhong, M., & Cao, M. (2022). Does digital investment affect carbon efficiency? Spatial effect and mechanism discussion. Science of the Total Environment, 827, Article 154321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154321
Xue, Y., Tang, C., Wu, H., Liu, J., & Hao, Y. (2022). The emerging driving force of energy consumption in China: Does digital economy development matter? Energy Policy, 165, Article 112997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.112997
Xiuzhen, L., Wang, H., & Chen, Y. (2022). Spatial spillover effects of carbon emissions and their impact on regional green development. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(5), 6789–6803. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19045-7
Yang, Z., Gao, W., Han, Q., Qi, L., Cui, Y., & Chen, Y. (2022). Digitalization and carbon emissions: How does digital city construction affect China’s carbon emission reduction? Sustainable Cities and Society, 87, Article 104201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.104201
Yi, F., Sun, H., & Zhou, Y. (2022). Digital inclusive finance, consumption structure upgrading and carbon emissions. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, Article 1282784. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2023.1282784
Yiming, W., Xun, L., Umair, M., & Aizhan, A. (2024). COVID-19 and the transformation of emerging economies: Financialization, green bonds, and stock market volatility. Resources Policy, 92, Article 104963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.104963
Yuan, H., Zhao, L., & Umair, M. (2023). Crude oil security in a turbulent world: China’s geopolitical dilemmas and opportunities. Extractive Industries and Society, 16, Article 101334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2023.101334
Yu, M., Umair, M., Oskenbayev, Y., & Karabayeva, Z. (2023). Exploring the nexus between monetary uncertainty and volatility in global crude oil: A contemporary approach of regime-switching. Resources Policy, 85, Article 103886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103886
Zhang, W., Liu, X., Wang, D., & Zhou, J. (2022). Digital economy and carbon emission performance: Evidence at China’s city level. Energy Policy, 165, Article 112927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.112927
Zhang, Y., & Umair, M. (2023). Examining the interconnectedness of green finance: An analysis of dynamic spillover effects among green bonds, renewable energy, and carbon markets. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 77605–77621. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27870-w
Zheng, M., & Wong, C. Y. (2024). The impact of digital economy on renewable energy development in China. Innovation and Green Development, 3(1), Article 100094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.igd.2023.100094
Zhu, W., & Chen, J. (2022). The spatial analysis of digital economy and urban development: A case study in Hangzhou, China. Cities, 123, Article 103563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103563